Table 2.

Genes associated with DDH.

Gene	Localization	Reference SNP	Study Design	Original Publication
ASPN	9q22.31	D repeat polymorphism	CGAS	Shi, D. et al., 2011 [47]
BMS1	10q11.21	rs201298233	WES	Zhu, L. et al., 2019 [45]
COL1A1	17q21.33	rs113647555	CGAS	Zhao, L et al., 2013 [54]
CX3CR1	3q22.2	rs3732378	GWLA	Feldman, G.J. et al., 2013 [42]
		rs3732379	GWLA	Basit, S. et al., 2018 [55]
DKK1	10q21.1	rs1569198	CGAS	Liu, S. et al., 2014 [56]
FRZB	2q32.1	rs288326	GWAS	Evangelou E. et al., 2009 [57]
GDF5	20q11.22	rs143383	CGAS	Dai, J. et al., 2008 [58]
		rs143384	GWAS	Hatzikotoulas, K. et al., 2018 [49]
HOXB9	17q21.32	rs2303486, rs8844	CGAS	Hao, Z. et al., 2014 [59]
HOXD9	2q31.1	rs711819	CGAS	Tian, W. et al., 2012 [60]
IL-6	7p15.3	rs1800796	RFLP	Kolundžić, R. et al., 2011 [52]
PAPPA2	1q25.2	rs726252	CGAS	Jia, J. et al., 2012 [53]
TBX4	17q23.2	rss3744448	CGAS	Wang, K. et al., 2010 [61]
TENM3	4q34.3-q35.1	rs183721398	WES	Feldman, G.J. et al., 2019 [46]
TGFB1	19q13.2	rs1800470	RFLP	Kolundžić, R. et al., 2011 [52]
UQCC1	20q11.22	rs6060373	GWAS	Sun, Y. et al., 2015 [62]
WISP3	6q21	rs1230345	CGAS	Zhang, J. et al., 2018 [48]

CGAS—Candidate gene association studies; WES—Whole-exome sequencing; GWLA—Genome-wide linkage analysis; GWAS—Genome-wide association analysis; RFLP—Restriction fragment length polymorphism.