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. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176

Figure 7.

Figure 7

The role of the Nrf-2, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, Ras/MAPK, and PPARγ signaling pathways as affected by phytoconstituents of Acorus calamus to upregulate antioxidant, neuroprotective, detoxifying enzymes and suppress inflammation. Ub, ubiquitin; NEMO, NF-kB essential modulator; ARE, antioxidant response element; Maf, musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog; NLS, nuclear localization signal; CAT, catalase; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; Trk, tyrosine kinase receptor; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TLRs, toll-like receptors; PI3K, phosphatidylinsoitol-3-kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases; Nrf2, nuclear factor e2-related factor 2; Keap-1, kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase;NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; IkB, inhibitor of kB; IKK, inhibitor of kB kinases.