. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176

Table 1.

Ethnomedicinal use of A. calamus in various countries.

Country	Ailment/Use	Part Used/Dosage Form	Route of Administration	References
India	Eczema	The paste of A. calamus rhizomes are given with the paste of Curcuma aromatica rhizomes and Azadirachta indica leaves	Oral	[13]
	Skin diseases	Rhizomes paste A. calamus and C. aromatica are applied with the seed paste of Argemone Mexicana		[13]
	Cough, stuttering, ulcer, fever, dermatitis, scab, sores	Rhizomes		[14]
	Cold, cough, and fever	Rhizomes paste of A. calamus is given to children with mother’s milk, Myristica fragrance, and Calunarejan spinosa fruits		[15]
	Cold, cough, and fever	Two teaspoonfuls of herbal powder containing A. calamus rhizomes, Boerhaavia diffusa roots, Calonyction muricutum flower pedicles, Ipomoea muricate seeds, Senna leaves, Cassia fistula fruits pulp, Curcuma longa rhizomes, Helicteres isora fruits, and Mentha arvensis leaves, black pepper is taken with lukewarm water		[16]
	Gastric disorders	A. calamus rhizomes paste is given with cow milk		[17]
	Carminative, flavoring, tonic, and head lice infestation	Infusion of a dried rhizomes (collected and stored in the autumn season)		[17,18,19]
	Epilepsy, dysentery, mental illnesses, diarrhea, kidney and liver disorders	A. calamus rhizomes paste is given with honey		[20]
	Wounds, fever, body pain	Rhizomes		[21,22]
	Dysentery	Fresh ground rhizomes is mixed with hot water and given for 3 days		[23]
	Stimulant	Dry powder of A. calamus is given with honey		[24]
	Injuries	External application of the A. calamus rhizomes paste	Dermal	[25]
	Stomachache	Ash of the A. calamus rhizomes paste		[26]
	Otitis externa	A. calamus roots paste is given with coconut husk juice		[27]
	Lotion	Fresh leaves of A. calamus		[28]
	Cough, cancer, and fever	A. calamus roots juice is given with honey and MyristicaDactyloides	Oral	[29]
	Analgesic	A. calamus rhizomes are given with cinchona bark		[30]
	Gastrointestinal, respiratory, emmenagogue, antihelmintic	Rhizomes
	Prolonged labor	Rhizomes is applied with saffron and horse milk
	Paralysis, arthritis	Rhizomes ash is applied with castor oil
	Neurological disorder, gastrointestinal, respiratory, increases menstrual flow, analgesic, contraceptive	Rhizomes	Oral	[31,32,33]
	Herpangina, analgesic, neurological disorder, gastrointestinal, respiratory	Rhizomes		[34]
Pakistan	Colic and diarrhea	Whole plant		[35]
Nepal	Blood pressure	Roots infusion of A. calamus		[36]
	Cough, headache, snake bite, sore throat, and pain	Rhizomes		[37]
	Dysentery	Rhizomes juice is given with hot water		[37]
	Neurological, respiratory	Rhizomes		[38]
Malaysia	Rheumatism, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and hair loss	Whole plant		[39]
Tibet	Fever, gastrointestinal	Dried rhizomes is given with Saussurea lappa, Ferula foetida, Terminalia chebula, Cuminum cyminum, Inula racemosa, and Zingiber officinale		[40]
Tibet	Cancer	Rhizomes		[41]
China	Gastrointestinal, respiratory, neuroprotective, analgesic, contraceptive, cancer	Rhizomes		[42,43,44]
	Antipyretic and ear-related disease	Rhizomes given with squeezed Coccinia cordifolia stems along with water		[45]
	Detoxification	Rhizomes with vinegar, Alpinia galanga, Zingiber purpureum
	Analgesic	Herbal baths of the rhizome	External
	Hemorrhage	Rhizomes paste	External	[46]
	Aphrodisiac	Rhizomes	Oral	[47]
	Hallucination	Rhizomesare mixed with Indian hemp and Podophyllum pleianthum	Oral	[48]
	Fair skin	Leaves of A. calamus are given with Artemisia vulgaris	Dermal	[49]
Indonesia	Gastrointestinal	Rhizomes	Oral	[50]
England	Gastrointestinal	Rhizomes blended with chalk and magnesium oxide		[51]
	Gastrointestinal, antibacterial, analgesic	Rhizomes		[52]
	Neurological, dysentery, and chronic catarrh	Rhizomesare given with Gentiana campestris L.		[52]
	Malaria	Rhizomes		[53]
Europe	Obesity, influenza, gastrointestinal, respiratory			[54,55]
Republic of South Africa	Tooth powder, gastrointestinal, tonic, aphrodisiac			[56]
Sweden	Liquor			[57]
Germany	Increases menstrual flow, gastrointestinal			[58,59]
Java	Lactation			[60]
Lithuania	Chest pain, diarrhea	Rhizomes and leaves are taken with sugar		[52]
Lithuania	Relieves pain, gout, rheumatism	Leaves decoction	External	[61]
New Guinea	Miscarriage	Rhizomes	Oral	[62]
Philippines	Gastrointestinal, rheumatism			[56]
Russia	Typhoid, syphilis, baldness, fever, cholera			[63]
Thailand	Blood purifier, fever			[64]
Turkey	Wound healing, cough, tuberculosis		External and oral	[61]
Turkey	Gastrointestinal		Oral	[65,66]
Arab countries	Gastrointestinal, tuberculosis			[67,68]
Brazil	Destroys parasitic worms			[68]
Argentina	Dysmenorrhea			[69]
United States	Gastrointestinal, abortifacient, stimulant, tonic, respiratory disorder	Rhizomes		[70]
Korea	Improves memory and life span	Rhizomes		[71]
Sri Lanka	Cough, worm infestation	Rhizomes paste are given with milk		[72]