Table 3.

Chemical compounds isolated from different botanical parts of A. calamus.

Classification	Compound No.	Chemical Ingredient	Methods of Characterization	Parts/Extract	References
Phenylpropanoids	1	α-Asarone	GC-FID, GC-MS	Rhizomes/n-hexane, aqueous, methanol, ethanol	[74,78,84,89,90,91]
	2	β-Asarone
	3	γ-Asarone
	4	Eugenyl acetate	GC-MS	Rhizomes/aqueous extract	[74,78,91]
	5	Eugenol
	6	Isoeugenol
	7	Methyl eugenol		Rhizomes/n-hexane, ethyl acetate	[92]
	8	Methyl isoeugenol		Rhizomes/hexane	[74,78,91,94]
	9	Calamol		Rhizomes/aqueous extract	[74,78,91]
	10	Azulene
	11	Eugenol methyl ether
	12	Dipentene
	13	Asaronaldehyde
	14	Terpinolene
	15	1,8-cineole
	16	(E)-isoeugenol acetate	GC-FID, GC-MS		[89]
	17	(E)-methyl isoeugenol
	18	Cis-methyl isoeugenol		Rhizomes/n-hexane, ethyl acetate	[92]
	19	Euasarone
	20	Cinnamaldehyde
	21	Cyclohexanone	GC-MS	Rhizomes/hexane	[94]
	22	Acorin	NMR	Rhizomes/chloroform	[95]
	23	Isoasarone
	24	Safrole
	25	Z-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-propenal	FTIR, NMR	Rhizomes/ethanol	[96]
	26	2,3-dihydro-4,5,7-trimethoxy-1-ethyl-2-methyl-3 (2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) indene
	27	(Z)-asarone	GC-MS	Leaves/n-hexane	[97]
	28	(E)-caryophyllene
	29	Estragole		Rhizomes/aqueous	[98]
	30	Carvacrol
	31	2-cyclohexane-1-one
	32	Naphthalene
	33	γ-Cadinene
	34	Aristolene
	35	1(5),3-aromadenedradiene
	36	5-n-butyltetraline
	37	4,5-dehydro-isolongifolene
	38	Calarene
	39	Isohomogenol
	40	Zingiberene
	41	α-Calacorene
	42	5,8-dimethyl isoquinoline
	43	Cyclohexane methanol
	44	Longifolene
	45	Isoelemicin
Sesquiterpenoids	46	Calamene			[74,78,91]
	47	Calamenenol
	48	Calameone
	49	Preisocalamendiol
	50	1,4-(trans)1,7(trans)-acorenone			[93]
	51	1,4-(cis)-1,7-(trans)-acorenone
	52	2,6 diepishyobunone
	53	α-Gurjunene
	54	β-Gurjunene
	55	α-Cedrene			[98]
	56	β-Elemene
	57	β-Cedrene			[93]
	58	β-Caryophyllene
	59	Valencene
	60	Viridiflorene
	61	α-Selinene	GC-FID, GC-MS		[89,93]
	62	δ-Cadinene	GC-MS		[93]
	63	α-Curcumene
	64	Shyobunone			[84,93,99,100]
	65	Isoshyobunone			[93,99,101]
	66	Caryophyllene oxide			[93]
	67	Humulene oxide II	GC-FID, GC-MS		[89,93]
	68	Elemol	GC-MS		[93]
	69	Cedrol
	70	Spathulenol
	71	Acorenone
	72	α-Cadinol
	73	Humulene epoxide II	GC-FID, GC-MS		[89]
	74	α-Bisabolol
	75	Asaronaldehyde	NMR	Rhizomes/chloroform	[95]
	76	Calamusenone	GLC, IR, NMR	Rhizomes/petroleum ether	[99]
	77	Isocalamendiol
	78	Dehydroxyiso-calamendiol
	79	Epishyobunone
	80	Acorone	NMR	Rhizomes/hydro alcoholic	[100]
	81	Neo-acorane A		Rhizomes/ethanol	[102]
	82	Acoric acid
	83	Calamusin D
	84	1β,5α-Guaiane-4β,10α-diol-6-one			[103]
	85	Dioxosarcoguaiacol	HPLC	Rhizomes/petroleum ether	[101]
	86	7-tetracycloundecanol,4,4,11,11-tetramethyl	GC-MS	Rhizomes/ethanol	[84]
	87	4α,7-Methano-4α-naphth[1,8a-b] oxirene,
	88	Spathulenol		Rhizomes/aqueous	[98]
	89	Vulgarol B
	90	Tatanan A	HPLC, NMR	Rhizomes/95% ethanol	[104]
	91	Acoramone
	92	2-hydroxyacorenone
	93	4-(2-formyl-5-methoxymethyl pyrrol-1-yl) butyric acid methyl ester
	94	2-acetoxyacorenone
	95	Acoramol
	96	N-transferuloyl tyramine
	97	Tatarinoid A
	98	Tatarinoid B
	99	Acortatarin A
Monoterpenes	100	α-Pinene	GC-MS	Rhizomes, roots/aqueous	[74,78,91,93]
	101	β-Pinene
	102	Camphene			[74,78,91,93,98]
	103	o-Cymol			[98]
	104	p-Cymene	GC-FID, GC-MS		[89,93,98]
	105	γ-Terpinene	GC-MS		[98]
	106	α-Terpinolene
	107	Anethole
	108	Thymol
	109	Isoaromadendrene epoxide
	110	Camphor		Rhizome, leaves, roots/aqueous, hexane	[93,97]
	111	Sabinene		Roots/aqueous	[93]
	112	2-hexenal
	113	Limonene			[93,98]
	114	Cis-linaloloxide			[93]
	115	Cis-sabinene hydrate
	116	Trans-linalol oxide
	117	Linalool			[93,97]
	118	Terpinen-4-ol			[93]
	119	α-Acoradiene
	120	β-Acoradiene
	121	α-Terpineol
	122	Isoborneol		Leaves/hexane	[97]
Xanthone glycosides	123	4,5,8-trimethoxy-xanthone-2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1-2)-O-β-D-galactopyranoside	NMR	Rhizome/ethanol	[83]
Triterpenoid saponins	124	1β,2α,3β, 19α-Tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid-28-O- {(β-D-glucopyranosyl (1-2)}-β-D galactopyranoside			[82]
	125	3-β, 22-α-24,29-Tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-3-O-(β-Darabinosyl (1,3)}-β-D-arabinopyranoside
Alkaloids	126	Trimethoxyamphetamine,2,3,5	GC-MS		[84]
	127	Pyrimidin-2-one,4-[N-methylureido]-1-[4methyl amino carbonloxy methy]
Triterpene glycoside	128	22-[(6-deoxy-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl) oxy]-3,23-dihydroxy-, methyl ester, (3β,4β,20α,22β)	NMR	Root, Rhizomes/ethyl acetate	[85]
Steroids/Sterols	129	β-daucosterol
Amino acids	130	Arginine	HPLC	Roots/ethanol	[86,87]
	131	Lysine
	132	Phenylalanine
	133	Threonine
	134	Tryptophan
	135	α-alanine
	136	Asparagine
	137	Aspartic acid
	138	Norvaline
	139	Proline
	140	Tyrosine
	141	Glutamic acid
Fatty acids	142	Palmitic acid	GLC	Rhizome/petroleum ether	[88]
	143	Myristic acid
	144	Palmitoleic acid
	145	Stearic acid

GC-FID, gas chromatography – flame ionization detector; GC-MS, gas chromatography – mass spectrometry; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; FTIR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; GLC, gas liquid chromatography; IR, infrared spectroscopy; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography.