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. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176

Table 6.

Mechanistic role of phytochemicals of A. calamus in the treatment of neurological and metabolic disorders.

Study Compound Model Increased Level Decreased Level References
Anti-Parkinson β-Asarone 6-OHDA parkinsonian Bcl-2 expression GRP78, p-PERK, CHOP, and Beclin-1 expression [192]
6-OHDA parkinsonian - mRNA levels of GRP78 and CHOP and p-IRE1and XBP1 [193]
Dopamine in the striatum TH plasma concentrations Striatal COMT levels [194]
6-OHDA parkinsonian L-DOPA, DA, DOPAC, and HVA levels P-gp, ZO-1, occludin, actin, and claudin-5 [195]
Alzheimer’s Aβ25-35-induced inflammation Bcl-2 level TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, Beclin-1, and LC3B level [196]
NG108 cells - Upregulated SYP and GluR1 expression [197]
PC12 cells - Aβ-induced JNK activation, Bcl-w and Bcl-xL levels, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation [198]
Aβ-induced cytotoxicity Cell viability, p-Akt and p-mTOR NSE levels, Beclin-1 expression [199]
Neuroprotective Pb-induced impairments NR2B protein expression along with Arc/Arg3.1 and Wnt7a mRNA levels - [200]
β-Asarone, eugenol Scopolamine-induced Improvement of neuron organelles and synaptic structure APP expression [201]
Neotatarine MTT reduction assay - Aβ25-35–induced PC12 cell death [202]
β-asarone, paeonol MCAo model Cholecystokinin and NF-κB signaling TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 production [203]
β-Asarone Cultured rat astrocytes NGF, BDNF, and GDNF expression - [204]
SN4741 cells p62, Bcl-2 expression JNK, p-JNK and Beclin-1 expressions [205]
Tatarinolactone hSERT-HEK293 cell line - SERTs activity [206]
β-Asarone RSC96 Schwann cells GDNF, BDNF, and CNTF expression - [207]
Aβ-induced p-mTOR and p62 expression AChE and Aβ42 levels, p-Akt, Beclin-1, and LC3B expression, APP mRNA and Beclin-1 mRNA levels [208]
Aβ1–42-induced injury - GFAP, AQP4, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression [209]
Anti-depression Chronic unpredictable mild stress BDNF expression Blocked ERK1/2-CREB signaling [210]
α-Asarone Noradrenergic and serotonergic neuromodulators in TST α1 and α2 adrenoceptors and 5-HT1A receptors - [211]
Anticonvulsant and sedative Eudesmin MES and PTZ GABA contents, expressions of GAD65, GABAA, and Bcl-2 Glu contents and ratio of Glu/GABA, caspase-3 [212]
Anti-anxiety α-Asarone BLA or CFA-induced Down-regulation of GABAA receptors Up-regulation of GluR1-containing AMPA, NMDA receptors [213]
Anti-epilepsy Temporal lobe epilepsy Levels of GABA, GAD67, and GABAAR-mRNA expression GABA-T [214]
Mitral cells Down-regulation of GABAA receptors Na+ channel blockade [215]
β-Asarone KA-induced GABA Glu [216]
Anti-inflammatory α-Asarone Spinal cord injury IL-4, IL-10, and arginase 1 levels TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-2, iNOS levels [217]
Cytoprotective β-Asarone tBHP-induced astrocyte injury GST, GCLM, GCLC, NQO1, Akt phosphorylation - [218]
Cardioprotective Cultured neonate rat cardiac myocytes Viability of cardiac myocytes Pulse frequency [219]
Arteriosclerosis ECV304 cell strain Apoptotic rate of ECV304 cells Apoptotic rate of MMP, stabilized MMP and VSMC proliferation [220]
Anti-adipogenic 3T3-L1 preadipocytes - C/EBPβ, C/EBPα, and PPARγ expression levels, ERK1/2 phosphorylation [89]
Antioxidant Cerebral artery occlusion Antioxidant activity Focal cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury [221]
Anti-diabetic α-Asarone + β-asarone + metformin HCl STZ-induced Insulin level Glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin level, liver dysfunction, and tumor biomarkers [222]
Asarone 3T3-L1 preadipocytes Hormone-sensitive lipase phosphorylation Intracellular triglyceride levels, down-regulation of PPARγ and C/EBPα [223]

6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine; Ox-LDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; NGF, nerve growth factor; GDNF, glial derived neurotrophic factor; SERTs, serotonin transporters; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion; Aβ, β-amyloid; NSE, neuron specific enolase; AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid; NMDA, NR2A-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate; GABAA, γ-aminobutyric acid A; BLA, basolateral amygdala; CFA, complete Freund’s adjuvant; CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor; COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; DA, dopamine; DOPAC, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; HVA, homovanillic acid; P-gp, P-glycoprotein; ZO-1, zonula occludens-1; SYP, synaptophysin; GluR1, glutamatergic receptor 1; GABA-T, GABA transaminase; TST, tail suspension test; KA, kainic acid; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; MIP-2, macrophage inflammatory protein 2; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; GST, glutathione S-transferase; GCLM, glutamate-cysteine ligase modulatory subunit; GCLC, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit; NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; AQP, aquaporin; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cells; MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential; C/EBP, CCAAT enhancer-binding protein; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase; XBP1, x-box binding protein; IRE1, inositol-requiring enzyme 1; Aβ1-42, amyloid β peptide; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-. 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein; GABAAR, gamma-aminobutyric acid type-A receptor, tBHP, t-butyl hydroperoxide.