Table 2.
A list of conventional diagnostic tests for sarcoidosis.
| Test | Indication for Sarcoidosis | References |
|---|---|---|
| Physical examination | fever, fatigue, malaise, weight loss, and erythema nodosum | [108] |
| Routine ophthalmologic examination | orbital and eyelid granulomas | [109] |
| Peripheral blood count | Lymphopenia | [110] |
| Renal function tests | High level of calcium, urea, and creatinine | [111] |
| Urine analysis | Hypercalciurea | [112] |
| Pulmonary function Tests | Assess pulmonary involvement and disease severity | [113] |
| Tissue biopsy | For the presence of granuloma (Lungs, lymph node, skin, salivary gland, conjunctiva) |
[114] |
| Bronchial Biopsy | Detect pulmonary involvement, (Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspirate [EBUS-TBNA], Trans and endobronchial Biopsy) | [115,116] |
| Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux) | Negative in the most sarcoidosis patients | [117] |
| Chest X-ray | Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, Disseminated nodules in the lungs | [118,119] |
| HRCT | Differentiation of sarcoidosis from other pulmonary conditions | [120,121] |
| FDG-PET | Highly sensitive to detect cardiac and pulmonary involvement | [122] |
| Electrocardiogram (ECG) | Repolarization disturbances, Ectopic beats, Rhythm abnormalities | [123,124] |
| MRI | Detect neurological involvement, spinal cord, meninges, skull vault, and pituitary lesions. | [125,126] |