Table 4.

Graded incremental ergometer cycling test baseline measures and treatment effects after eating a ketogenic LCHF diet for 25–27 days ¹.

Parameter	Baseline (Mean ± SD)	Treatment Effect (95% CI)	P value
TTE (min)	18.9 ± 1.6	−1.85 [−2.30; −1.40]	<0.001
VO2max (L/min)	2.73 ± 0.29	−0.21 [−0.37; −0.05]	0.029
VO2max (mL/kg/min)	44.24 ± 4.41	−1.49 [−3.83;0.84]	0.266
Incremental Cycling test 60 W ~40% VO2max
HR (beats/min)	115 ± 11	11 [6;17]	0.004
RER	0.80 ± 0.06	−0.10 [−0.12; −0.08]	<0.001
Fat ox (g/min)	0.33 ± 0.09	0.17 [0.14;0.21]	<0.001
CHO ox (g/min)	0.37 ± 0.23	−0.45 [−0.54; −0.36]	<0.001
Lactate (mmol/L)	1.07 ± 0.31	−0.30 [−0.48; −0.12]	0.008
RPE (1-20 scale)	8.7 ± 1.2	0 [0;1]	0.631
Incremental Cycling test 90 W ~50% VO2max
HR (beats/min)	135 ± 11	14 [9;18]	<0.001
RER	0.88 ± 0.05	−0.13 [−0.15; −0.12]	<0.001
Fat ox (g/min)	0.25 ± 0.12	0.32 [0.28;0.37]	<0.001
CHO ox (g/min)	1.12 ± 0.29	−0.78 [−0.87; −0.68]	<0.001
Lactate (mmol/L)	1.26 ± 0.40	−0.25 [−0.41; −0.08]	0.012
RPE (1-20 scale)	11.5 ± 1.6	2 [1;3]	0.005
Incremental Cycling test 120 W ~65% VO2max
HR (beats/min)	156 ± 14	17 [10;24]	0.001
RER	0.94 ± 0.05	−0.11 [−0.13; −0.09]	<0.001
Fat ox (g/min)	0.17 ± 0.14	0.34 [0.29;0.40]	<0.001
CHO ox (g/min)	1.80 ± 0.31	−0.78 [−0.92; −0.65]	<0.001
Lactate (mmol/L)	1.81 ± 0.62	−0.13 [−0.28;0.02]	0.118
RPE (1-20 scale)	13.8 ± 1.4	2 [1;2]	<0.001
End of Incremental Cycling test
Lactate (mmol/L)	6.72 ± 1.65	−1.71 [−2.79; −0.64]	0.012
RPE (1-20 scale)	19.5 ± 0.5	0 [0;0]	0.515

¹ The treatment effect is statistically significant when p < 0.05. Data were analyzed using mixed models. Baseline values were assessed before start of the first diet trial (day −5 to −2) for both study arms. Abbreviations: TTE, time to exhaustion; VO_2max, maximal oxygen uptake; HR, heart rate; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; Fat ox, fat oxidation; CHO ox, carbohydrate oxidation; RPE, rate of perceived exertion.