Table 1.
Risk factors for diabetic kidney disease.
| Risk Factor | Susceptibility | Initiation | Progression |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Older age | + | ||
| Sex (men) | + | ||
| Race (black, other ethnic minorities) | + | + | |
| Reduced renal mass | + | + | |
| Low birth weight | + | ||
| Low socioeconomic level | + | + | |
| Hereditary | |||
| Family history of DKD | + | ||
| Genetic kidney disease | + | ||
| Systemic conditions | |||
| Hyperglycemia (poorly controlled) | + | + | + |
| Obesity | + | + | + |
| Hypertension (poorly controlled) | + | + | |
| Kidney injuries | |||
| Acute kidney injury | + | + | |
| Toxins, nephrotoxic drugs, mainly NSAIDs | + | + | |
| Smoking | + | ||
| Urological problems (infection, obstruction) | + | + | |
| Dietary factors | |||
| High protein intake | + | + |
DKD: diabetic kidney disease; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Modified from Alicic [6].