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. 2020 Apr 22;12(4):1175. doi: 10.3390/nu12041175

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Effects of GMP on insulin signaling in Caco-2/15 cells. Caco-2/15 cells were pre-incubated for 18 h before treatment with Fe/Asc (200 µM/2 mM) +/− GMP (2 mg/mL) for 6 h at 37 °C. Two hours before the end of the six hours incubation with Fe/Asc, insulin (100 nM) was added to evaluate insulin signaling as described in Materials and Methods. Protein expression of (A) PI3K, (B) phospho-PI3K, (D) AMPKα and (E) phospho-AMPKα was determined by Western blot. (C) Phospho-PI3K/PI3K and (F) phospho-AMPKα/AMPKα ratios were calculated. Results represent the means ± SEM of n = 3 independent experiments in triplicate. *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. controls (Ctrl). # p < 0.05, ### p < 0.001 vs. Fe/Asc Caco-2 cells treated with insulin.