Table 1.

Summary of studies of human milk macronutrient composition included in the systematic review ¹.

Author, Year	Site	Study Design	Sample Size	Stage of Lactation	Measure Maternal Obesity	Nutrients Assessed
						Milk Fat or TGs	Milk Protein	Milk Lactose or Carbohydrates
Aleali, 2018 [23]	Iran	Longitudinal	51	1, 2, 3, and 4 wk	BMI	√	√	√
Antonakou, 2013 [24]	Greece	Longitudinal	64	1, 3, and 6 mo	BMI	√
Aumeistere, 2017 [25]	Latvia	Cross-sectional	28	2–21 mo	BMI			√
Barbosa, 1997 [26]	Mexico	Longitudinal	40	3 and 6 mo	BMI	√	√	√
Brown, 1986 [27]	Bangladesh	Intervention	58	1–9 mo	Arm circumference, skinfold	√	√	√
Bzikowska-Jura, 2018 [28]	Poland	Longitudinal	40	1, 3, and 6 mo	BMI, BIA	√	√	√
Chang, 2015 [8]	Korea	Cross-sectional	2,632	0–8 mo	BMI	√	√	√
DeLuca, 2016 [29]	France	Cross-sectional	100	1 mo	BMI	√	√	√
Dritsakou, 2017 [30]	Greece	Longitudinal	305	3, 7, and 30 day	BMI	√	√	√
Eilers, 2011 [31]	Germany	Longitudinal	77	3 and 28 day	BMI	√	√
Fujimori, 2015 [32]	Brazil	Cross-sectional	68	2–3 day	BMI	√	√
Gridneva, 2018 [33]	Australia	Longitudinal	20	2, 5, 9, and 12 mo	BMI, BIS		√
Jans, 2015 [34]	Belgium	Cross-sectional	48	4 day	BMI	√	√	√
Jans, 2018 [35]	Belgium	Longitudinal	75	3 or 4 day and 1–6 wk	BMI	√	√	√
Kierson, 2006 [36]	USA	Cross-sectional	20	7–21 day	BMI	√
Kugananthan, 2017 [16]	Australia	Longitudinal	59	2, 5, 9, and 12 mo	BMI, BIS		√	√
Kurniati, 2016 [37]	Indonesia	Cross-sectional	48	1 mo	BMI, BIA	√
Kwon, 2017 [38]	USA	Cross-sectional	44	2–14 wk	BMI	√	√
Lemas, 2016 [39]	USA	Cross-sectional	30	2 wk	BMI	√	√	√
Ley, 2012 [40]	Canada	Longitudinal	170	1 or 7 day and 3 mo	BMI	√	√
Makela, 2013 [41]	Finland	Cross-sectional	163	3 mo	BMI	√
Mangel, 2017 [42]	Israel	Cross-sectional	109	1–2 day	BMI	√	√	√
Nommsen, 1991 [43]	USA	Longitudinal	92	3, 6, 9, and 12 mo	Skinfold, % IBW	√	√	√
Panagos, 2016 [9]	USA	Cross-sectional	42	4–10 wk	BMI	√	√	√
Quinn, 2012 [44]	Philippines	Cross-sectional	102	0–18 mo	BMI, skinfold	√	√	√
Rudolph, 2017 [45]	USA	Longitudinal	48	2 wk and 4 mo	BMI	√
Schueler, 2013 [46]	USA	Cross-sectional	13	29–38 day	BMI, waist circumference, DXA	√
Villalpando, 1992 [47]	Mexico	Cross-sectional	30	4 or 6 mo	BMI, skinfold	√	√	√
Villalpando, 2001 [48]	Mexico	Intervention	10	5–6 mo	BMI, skinfold	√
Yang, 2014 [49]	China	Cross-sectional	436	5–11, 12–30, 31–60, 61–120 or 121–240 day	BMI	√	√	√
Young, 2017 [50]	USA	Longitudinal	56	2 wk and 4 mo	BMI	√	√	√

¹ BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; BIS, bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy; BMI, body mass index; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; mo, month(s); wk, week(s); TGs, triglycerides; %IBW, pre-pregnancy percent ideal body weight. The checkmark symbol indicates which macronutrient was assessed by each study.