Table 1.
Physiological responses to Saskatoon berry.
| Physiological Variables | C | CSSK | H | HSSK | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Treatment | Interaction | |||||
| 8 week body weight, g | 361 ± 4 b | 369 ± 5 b | 457 ± 14 a | 437 ± 6 a | <0.0001 | 0.43 | 0.07 |
| 16 week body weight, g | 390 ± 9 c | 396 ± 6 c | 577 ± 20 a | 500 ± 11 b | 0.007 | 0.0001 | 0.002 |
| 9–16 week body weight gain, % | 7.4 ± 1.8 c | 7.1 ± 1.0 c | 18.2 ± 3.1 a | 14.5 ± 1.6 b | <0.0001 | 0.33 | 0.41 |
| 16 week systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 111.9 ± 1.8 bc | 122.5 ± 0.7 b | 141.0 ± 2.6 a | 126.4 ± 3.1 b | <0.0001 | 0.38 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic stiffness constant (κ) | 18.2 ± 1.3 bc | 21.3 ± 1.0 b | 26.9 ± 1.0 a | 21.6 ± 0.8 b | 0.0001 | 0.30 | 0.0003 |
| Left ventricle + septum, mg/mm | 20.8 ± 0.6 c | 21.0 ± 0.6 c | 25.3 ± 0.8 a | 22.6 ± 0.7 bc | 0.0001 | 0.08 | 0.042 |
| Right ventricle, mg/mm | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 0.28 | 0.83 | 0.83 |
| Water intake 0–8 weeks, mL/day | 38.8 ± 2.5 b | 44.4 ± 3.6 a | 32.8 ± 1.4 c | 34.7 ± 1.0 c | 0.002 | 0.12 | 0.44 |
| Water intake 9–16 weeks, mL/day | 30.8 ± 2.6 | 34.5 ± 3.0 | 33.0 ± 2.0 | 32.0 ± 1.4 | 0.95 | 0.57 | 0.32 |
| Food intake 0–8 weeks, g/day | 47.7 ± 1.3 a | 48.2 ± 1.2 a | 33.6 ± 0.9 | 32.7 ± 1.4 | <0.0001 | 0.87 | 0.57 |
| Food intake 9–16 weeks, g/day | 43.7 ± 1.1 a | 40.5 ± 1.2 a | 32.8 ± 1.0 b | 27.7 ± 1.3 bc | <0.0001 | 0.0008 | 0.42 |
| Saskatoon berry powder intake, g/day | — | 1.3 ± 0.04 | — | 0.9 ± 0.04 | |||
| Cyanidin 3-glucoside intake, mg/kg/day | — | 7.43 ± 0.21 | — | 5.18 ± 0.22 | |||
| Quercetin intake, mg/kg/day | — | 5.61 ± 0.12 | — | 3.90 ± 0.10 | |||
| Rutin intake, mg/kg/day | — | 2.18 ± 0.05 | — | 1.52 ± 0.06 | |||
| Chlorogenic acid intake, mg/kg/day | — | 2.41 ± 0.06 | — | 1.68 ± 0.05 | |||
| Energy intake 0–8 weeks, kJ/day | 534 ± 15 b | 540 ± 13 b | 728 ± 16 a | 701 ± 26 a | <0.0001 | 0.57 | 0.37 |
| Energy intake 9–16 weeks, kJ/day | 493 ± 13 c | 453 ± 13 d | 712 ± 19 a | 606 ± 22 b | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.06 |
| Feed efficiency 0–8 weeks, g/kJ | 0.05 ± 0.01 c | 0.06 ± 0.01 c | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.01 b | <0.0001 | 0.14 | 0.016 |
| Feed efficiency 9–16 weeks, g/kJ | 0.05 ± 0.01 b | 0.06 ± 0.01 b | 0.12 ± 0.02 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 a | <0.0001 | 0.62 | 0.14 |
Values are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 10–12. All groups were compared against each other. Means in a row with superscripts without a common letter (a, b, c or d) differ significantly, if a mean has two letters then that mean is not different from means with either of the same two letters, p < 0.05. C, corn starch diet-fed rats; CSSK, corn starch diet-fed rats supplemented with Saskatoon berry powder; H, high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats; HSSK, high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats supplemented with Saskatoon berry powder.