Table 2.
Metabolic responses to Saskatoon berry.
| Metabolic Variables | C | CSSK | H | HSSK | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Treatment | Interaction | |||||
| 16 week bone mineral content, g | 12.3 ± 0.4 b | 11.8 ± 0.3 b | 17.6 ± 0.9 a | 17.0 ± 0.5 a | 0.0001 | 0.34 | 0.93 |
| 16 week bone mineral density, g/cm2 | 0.182 ± 0.004 b | 0.184 ± 0.002 b | 0.190 ± 0.003 a | 0.194 ± 0.004 a | 0.008 | 0.29 | 0.86 |
| 16 week lean mass, g | 307.3 ± 5.9 | 324.3 ± 10.6 | 321.8 ± 7.3 | 304.3 ± 6.6 | 0.73 | 0.97 | 0.033 |
| 16 week fat mass, g | 65.4 ± 10.0 b | 67.4 ± 8.9 b | 226.8 ± 25.7 a | 188.0 ± 15.7 a | <0.0001 | 0.27 | 0.22 |
| 8 week abdominal circumference, cm | 16.6 ± 0.5 b | 18.3 ± 0.1 ab | 19.7 ± 0.5 a | 20.7 ± 0.1 a | <0.0001 | 0.0005 | 0.34 |
| 16 week abdominal circumference, cm | 17.7 ± 0.4 c | 18.8 ± 0.2 b | 23.5 ± 0.7 a | 21.6 ± 0.2 ab | <0.0001 | 0.35 | 0.001 |
| Visceral adiposity, % | 5.6 ± 0.5 c | 5.3 ± 0.2 c | 11.3 ± 0.5 a | 8.8 ± 0.4 b | <0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.012 |
| Retroperitoneal fat, mg/mm | 218 ± 23 c | 233 ± 13 c | 706 ± 67 a | 469 ± 33 b | <0.0001 | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Epididymal fat, mg/mm | 116 ± 10 c | 74 ± 7 d | 324 ± 20 a | 191 ± 14 b | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.005 |
| Omental fat, mg/mm | 116 ± 17 c | 127 ± 9 c | 315 ± 19 a | 220 ± 19 b | <0.0001 | 0.015 | 0.003 |
| Total abdominal fat, mg/mm | 451 ± 43 c | 433 ± 22 c | 1345 ± 97 a | 880 ± 57 b | <0.0001 | 0.0003 | 0.0007 |
| Brown fat, mg/mm | 21.8 ± 2.6 c | 33.9 ± 1.9 a | 31.4 ± 1.8 ab | 29.7 ± 2.1 b | 0.21 | 0.018 | 0.002 |
| 8 week 0 min [blood glucose], mmol/L | 2.8 ± 0.2 b | 2.9 ± 0.1 b | 3.4 ± 0.1 a | 3.0 ± 0.1 a | 0.011 | 0.26 | 0.07 |
| 16 week 0 min [blood glucose], mmol/L | 3.4 ± 0.2 ab | 3.4 ± 0.1 ab | 4.2 ± 0.2 a | 3.8 ± 0.1 a | 0.0004 | 0.21 | 0.21 |
| 8 week OGTT-AUC, mmol/L × min | 647 ± 25 d | 703 ± 21 c | 820 ± 21 a | 756 ± 12 b | <0.0001 | 0.85 | 0.005 |
| 16 week OGTT-AUC, mmol/L × min | 599 ± 10 c | 547 ± 18 d | 712 ± 34 a | 590 ± 11 b | 0.0005 | 0.0001 | 0.10 |
| Liver, mg/mm | 230 ± 15 c | 233 ± 5 c | 399 ± 23 a | 326 ± 12 b | <0.0001 | 0.026 | 0.016 |
| Liver fat vacuoles area, fat vacuoles/200 µm2 | 8.6 ± 1.0 c | 9.2 ± 1.3 c | 98.1 ± 8.8 a | 74.3 ± 5.9 b | <0.0001 | 0.051 | 0.042 |
| Plasma aspartate transaminase, U/L | 108.5 ± 10.6 b | 118.1 ± 8.4 b | 169.7 ± 22.2 a | 137.3 ± 14.3 ab | 0.022 | 0.50 | 0.22 |
| Plasma alanine transaminase, U/L | 39.8 ± 4.6 b | 45.3 ± 4.6 a | 54.8 ± 5.4 a | 38.7 ± 5.2 b | 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.044 |
| Plasma triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.57 ± 0.07 b | 0.65 ± 0.10 b | 1.86 ± 0.22 a | 2.25 ± 0.27 a | <0.0001 | 0.35 | 0.54 |
| Plasma total cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.43 ± 0.08 c | 1.42 ± 0.07 c | 1.98 ± 0.10 a | 1.64 ± 0.07 ab | <0.0001 | 0.039 | 0.051 |
| Plasma non-esterified fatty acids, mmol/L | 1.72 ± 0.24 b | 1.59 ± 0.20 bc | 3.44 ± 0.40 a | 3.28 ± 0.45 a | <0.0001 | 0.70 | 0.97 |
Values are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 10–12. All groups were compared against each other. Means in a row with superscripts without a common letter (a, b, c or d) differ significantly; if a mean has two letters then that mean is not different from means with either of the same two letters, p < 0.05. C: corn starch diet-fed rats; CSSK: corn starch diet-fed rats supplemented with Saskatoon berry powder; H: high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats; HSSK: high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats supplemented with Saskatoon berry powder; OGTT-AUC: oral glucose tolerance test area under the curve.