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. 2020 Apr 23;11(4):448. doi: 10.3390/mi11040448

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Schematic of the microfluidic chip for drug-loaded sperm transport and delivery. (b) Image sequence of the sperm release process when the arms hit HeLa cells. Time lapse in min:s. Red arrows point at the sperm head. (c) DOX-HCl distribution in a HeLa spheroid with overlaid z-stack images of the fluorescence channel (20 images with a stack separation distance of 2 μm). Red arrows point at the sperm head. (d) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showing the sperm–HeLa cell fusion. (i) Cell fusion with the DOX-HCl-loaded sperm; (ii) cell fusion with an unloaded sperm. Red arrows point at a cell in apoptosis and the blue arrows point at live cells. (Reprinted from Reference [31] with permission from ACS Publications).