Table 1.

Timeline for biohybrid sperm development detailing the motor type used and the load carried, if any (Further details can be found in schematic time line in Figure 1).

Year	Authors	Motor Type	Load Type	Reference
2005	Dreyfus et al.	Artificial flagella	Red blood cells	[25]
2005	Weibel et al.	Algae	Polystyrene beads	[26]
2013	Magdanz, Sanchez & Schmidt	Spermatozoa	Magnetic microtubes	[27]
2014	Khalil et al.	Sperm shaped synthetic magnetic microbot	-	[28,29]
2016	Medina-Sanchez et al.	Magnetic microhelices	Low motility spermatozoa	[30]
2018	Xu et al.	Spermatozoa	Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Anti-cancer drug)	[31]
2019	Magdanz et al. Khalil et al.	Spermatozoa	-	[32,33,34,35]
2020	Ridzewski et al.	Spermatozoa	Gelatin microtubes	[36]
2020	Xu et al.	Spermatozoa with a streamlined-horned cap	Heparin-loaded liposomes (Anticoagulant)	[37]
2020	Khalil et al.	Spermatozoa	Magnetic nanoparticles	[38]