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Approaches to measure the elastic modulus of FEBID/FIBID materials using simple high/low aspect ratio pillar or spring geometries. (a) Bending (one end pinned), (b) buckling, (c) nanocompression, (d) bending (two ends pinned), (e) thermal noise vibrations, and (f) spring tension (or compression). Circular cross-sections enable simple mathematics (see text), yet complex 3D architectures can be measured according to (a)–(f) as well.
