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. 2020 Apr 22;11(4):442. doi: 10.3390/mi11040442

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Micrographs of micro-nozzles integrated with ITO micropumps. (a) 4 × 4 micro-nozzles connected with micro-channels. Nozzle and channel were fabricated in the transparent materials PDMS and glass, which enabled observation of any transmission. (b) Close-up view of a micro-nozzle array. (c) Four series of flow channels and electrodes. FC and MN denote flow channel and a micro-nozzle, respectively. Typical dimensions were measured from five points: Nozzle diameter 34.8 μm. Channel width, A = 62.0 μm. B = 189.1 μm. Height, H = 71.9 μm. Electrode width, C = 71.9 μm. Gap g = 27.8 μm. Pitch p = 278.8 μm.