Table 3.
Impact of child emotional and behavioural difficulties on educational outcomes
| Exposures | Models | Child EBD at T0 | Child EBD at T1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drop-out at T1 (n = 1662) Odds ratio (95% confidence interval; CI) |
Drop-out at T2 (n = 1293) Odds ratio (95% CI) |
Absenteeism at T2 (n = 1130) Risk ratio (95% CI) |
Academic achievement at T2 (n = 1054) β coefficient (95% CI) |
||
| SDQ sub-scales (total scores) | |||||
| Emotional problem | Crude | 1.05 (0.96, 1.15) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.19) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03)** | − 0.11 (− 0.51, 0.30) |
| Adjusteda | 1.03 (0.93, 1.13) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.14) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04)** | − 0.13 (− 0.55, 0.31) | |
| Conduct difficulty | Crude | 1.10 (1.00, 1.20)** | 1.05 (0.93, 1.18) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) | − 0.41 (− 0.82, 0.00)** |
| Adjusteda | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.16) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | − 0.55 (− 1.01, − 0.10)** | |
| Hyperactivity problem | Crude | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.09) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03)** | − 0.15 (− 0.46, 0.16) |
| Adjusteda | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.109) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04)** | − 0.11 (− 0.45, 0.23) | |
| Peer relationship problem | Crude | 1.03 (0.94, 1.12) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | − 0.21 (− 0.67, 0.25) |
| Adjusteda | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04)** | − 0.12 (− 0.63, 0.39) | |
| SDQ full scale | |||||
| Total score | Crude | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | − 0.09 (− 0.22, 0.04) |
| Adjusteda | 1.01 (0.97, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.04) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02)** | − 0.10 (− 0.24, 0.04) | |
| High score (≥ 14) | Crude | 0.87 (0.53, 1.41) | 1.48 (0.75, 2.86) | 1.23 (1.13, 1.34)** | − 2.44 (− 5.04, − 0.16) |
| Adjusteda | 0.71 (0.41, 1.23) | 1.17 (0.56, 2.44) | 1.36 (1.24, 1.48)** | − 2.90 (− 5.76, − 0.05)** | |
T0 assessment time-point 0, T1 assessment time-point 1, T2 assessment time-point 2
** The association is significant at 95% CI and P value less than 0.05
aMaternal age, marital status, maternal and paternal level of literacy, SES, paternal substance use, negative life event, maternal CMD, child sex, birth order and nutritional status