Table 2.
Association between each sociodemographic factor and change in behavior related to each personal protective measure.
| Hand hygiene | Social distancing measures | Avoiding touching the eyes, nose, and mouth | Respiratory etiquette | Self-isolationa | Implement all measuresa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of persons not implementing a personal protective measure (baseline survey) | 350 | 699 | 858 | 365 | 373 | 912 |
| Total number of persons who started a personal protective measure (follow-up survey) | 198 | 429 | 315 | 186 | 174 | 268 |
| Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | ||||||
| Sex: women | 1.30 (0.80–2.13) | 1.57* (1.11–2.21) | 1.30 (0.96–1.78) | 1.39 (0.84–2.29) | 1.07 (0.68–1.68) | 1.74** (1.28–2.38) |
| Age: older adults | 1.55 (0.83–2.89) | 1.46 (0.88–2.42) | 1.15 (0.78–1.70) | 1.98* (1.00–3.93) | 1.16 (0.42–3.17) | 1.62 (0.99–2.65) |
| Marital status: married | 0.55* (0.32–0.95) | 1.13 (0.76–1.67) | 1.35 (0.93–1.95) | 1.09 (0.63–1.88) | 1.61 (0.97–2.69) | 1.15 (0.80–1.65) |
| Working status: working | 1.16 (0.68–2.00) | 0.95 (0.62–1.46) | 0.96 (0.67–1.37) | 2.48* (1.38–4.47) | N/A | N/A |
| Living arrangement: with other | 1.19 (0.67–2.13) | 1.01 (0.64–1.59) | 0.76 (0.50–1.15) | 0.96 (0.54–1.73) | 0.59 (0.32–1.09) | 0.94 (0.62–1.43) |
| Smoking status: smokers | 0.88 (0.48–1.61) | 0.83 (0.55–1.27) | 0.92 (0.63–1.35) | 1.31 (0.72–2.39) | 0.79 (0.46–1.38) | 0.91 (0.61–1.36) |
| Residential area: Tokyo | 1.02 (0.64–1.63) | 1.30 (0.94–1.81) | 0.97 (0.72–1.31) | 0.81 (0.50–1.31) | 1.31 (0.85–2.02) | 1.10 (0.81–1.49) |
| Educational attainment: university graduate or above | 0.85 (0.53–1.36) | 0.78 (0.55–1.10) | 1.03 (0.75–1.40) | 1.33 (0.84–2.10) | 0.85 (0.54–1.35) | 1.00 (0.72–1.37) |
| Household income: ≥ 5 million yen | 1.56 (0.97–2.50) | 1.49* (1.05–2.12) | 1.07 (0.78–1.48) | 0.99 (0.62–1.58) | 1.93* (1.19–3.13) | 1.39 (0.99–1.97) |
p-Value: *: <0.05, **: <0.001.
When the participant replied “Always,” “Sometimes,” or “Definitely can,” or “Probably can” (in the case of self-isolation) for each personal preventive measure, it was considered that the personal protective measure was being implemented.
A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. The dependent variable was set as “not implementing each personal protective measure” at the time of the baseline survey, and “implementing each measure” at the time of the follow-up survey. Participants who had already implemented a personal protective measure at the time of the baseline survey were excluded in the analysis for that particular protective measure. The independent variables were sex, age (older adults ≥65 years old/persons under 65 years old), marital status (not married/married), working status (working/not working), living arrangement (with others/alone), smoking status (smokers/non-smokers), residential area (Tokyo/other), educational attainment (university graduate or above/below), and household income level (<5 million yen or ≥5 million yen).
Regarding self-isolation, in response to the question “If you have a fever or cold, can you take time off from work?” participants selected one of the 5-point Likert scale items. Those who chose 5 (“Not working”) in the baseline survey or follow-up survey (n = 776) were excluded from the analysis. Therefore, “working status” was removed from the independent variables.