Table 3.
Meta-Analysis findings
| Meta-analysis |
Heterogeneity |
Publication bias (Egger’s) |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domain | k | n (BD:C) | Hedges’ g | p | 95% CI | Q | df | p | T | T2 | I2 | t-test | p |
| Behavioural inhibition only | 2 | 74:117 | −0.27 | 0.08 | −0.58, 0.03 | 1.09 | 1 | 0.300 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 8% | – | – |
| Decision-making | 7 | 149:453 | −1.70 | 0.002 | −2.77, −0.63 | 115.64 | 6 | <0.001 | 1.39 | 1.94 | 95% | 2.57 | 0.025 |
| Delay discounting | 2 | 62:102 | −0.12 | 0.475 | −0.44, 0.20 | 0.35 | 1 | 0.553 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0% | – | – |
| Expressive language | 4 | 220:224 | −0.10 | 0.313 | −0.30, 0.10 | 3.37 | 3 | 0.338 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 11% | 0.21 | 0.426 |
| Immediate memory | 11 | 490:523 | 0.03 | 0.731 | −0.13, 0.19 | 16.62 | 10 | 0.083 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 40% | 0.10 | 0.461 |
| Inhibition | 18 | 569:660 | −0.39 | 0.026 | −0.74, −0.05 | 144.94 | 17 | <0.001 | 0.70 | 0.49 | 83% | 2.50 | 0.012 |
| Long term memory | 9 | 344:384 | −0.04 | 0.702 | −0.27, 0.18 | 17.67 | 8 | 0.024 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 55% | 1.58 | 0.079 |
| Mental flexibility | 12 | 421:455 | −0.13 | 0.289 | −0.37, 0.11 | 33.27 | 11 | <0.001 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 67% | 1.17 | 0.135 |
| Planning | 1 | 14:13 | −0.67 | 0.100 | −1.47, 0.13 | 0.00 | 0 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0% | – | – |
| Processing speed | 18 | 592:671 | 0.34 | 0.040 | 0.02, 0.67 | 135.93 | 17 | <0.001 | 0.66 | 0.44 | 87% | 2.27 | 0.019 |
| Recent memory | 7 | 316:317 | −0.53 | 0.076 | −1.11, 0.06 | 74.12 | 6 | <0.001 | 0.75 | 0.56 | 92% | 2.19 | 0.040 |
| Receptive language | 2 | 69:85 | 0.17 | 0.296 | −0.15, 0.48 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.852 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0% | – | – |
| Recognition of emotions | 1 | 12:12 | −1.05 | 0.013 | −1.88, −0.22 | 0.00 | 0 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0% | – | – |
| Sustained attention | 13 | 385:467 | −0.15 | 0.237 | −0.41, 0.10 | 40.01 | 12 | <0.001 | 0.38 | 0.15 | 70% | 1.18 | 0.131 |
| Visual perceptual | 3 | 78:50 | 0.05 | 0.778 | −0.30, 0.40 | 1.79 | 2 | 0.409 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0% | 0.67 | 0.312 |
| Visuoconstructional | 4 | 119:139 | 0.05 | 0.753 | −0.24, 0.33 | 4.05 | 3 | 0.256 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 26% | 0.78 | 0.258 |
| Working memory | 20 | 724:1035 | −0.15 | 0.082 | −0.32, 0.02 | 48.50 | 19 | <0.001 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 61% | 0.72 | 0.241 |
| Neurocognition | 42 | 1313:1752 | −0.26 | 0.001 | −0.42, −0.10 | 163.72 | 41 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.19 | 75% | 3.04 | 0.002 |
k: number of studies; n: pooled sample size; CI: confidence interval; heterogeneity (Q-value, degrees of freedom [df], significance test [p value], standard deviation of true effects [tau; T], variance of true effects [tau2; T2], true/total variance [I2]); BD: binge drinkers; C: comparators
Note. Where there were ≤ 2 studies, Egger’s test of publication bias could not be calculated