TABLE 1.
Models of bioavailability and bioactivity of food-derived exosomes
| Method/model | Source | Size (nm) |
|---|---|---|
| Human vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) (14) | Cow milk | 69 |
| TNO GI1 in vitro model (15) | Cow milk | 200 |
| RAW 264.7 cell line (12) | Ginger, carrot, grape, grapefruit | 700 |
| PKH26-labeled FDE administered in mice by gavage (16) | Ginger | 102.3–998.3 |
| Caco-2 (human intestinal epithelial cell model) (17) | Milk | 30–120 |
| HEK-293 cells (18) | Milk | − |
| Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (18) | Milk | − |
| CT26 mouse intestinal epithelial cell line (19) | Grapes | 380.5 |
| SW480 (colon cancer cell line) (7) | Citrus limon | 50–70 |
| A549 (lung cancer cell line) (7) | Citrus limon | 50–70 |
| LAMA84 (peripheral blood bone marrow cell line) (7) | Citrus limon | 50–70 |
| In vivo tumor xenograft (7) | Citrus limon | 50–70 |
| Mouse model (20) | Broccoli | 18.3–118.2 |
| Human feeding study (20) | Broccoli | 18.3–118.2 |
| Retro-orbital injection of DiR2 -labeled exosomes in mice (14) | Cow milk | 69 |
1
TNO GI, TNO gastrointestinal model is a computer-simulated multi-compartment system to mimic various regions in the gut.
2
DiR, dioctadecyl tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide is a fluorescent lipophilic dye.