TABLE 2.
Therapeutic potential of food-derived exosomes in treating diseases1
| Origin of FDEs | Drug | Route of administration | Therapeutic potential | Experimental validation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ginger (34) | Doxorubicin | Intravenous | Colon cancer | Colon-26 xenograft |
| Camel milk (26) | N.A. | Media | Breast cancer | MCF-7 |
| Bovine milk (30) | Berry anthocyanidins | Media | Ovarian cancer | OVCA432 |
| Oral gavage | Lung cancer | Mice xenograft | ||
| Media | Breast cancer | MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 | ||
| Media | Pancreatic cancer | PANC1, Mia PaCa2 | ||
| Media | Prostate cancer | PC3, DU145 | ||
| Milk (36) | Paclitaxel | Oral | Lung cancer | Lung xenografts |
| Grapefruit (37) | miR-17 | Nasal | Brain tumor | Mice with GL-26 grafts |
| Ginger (34) | siRNA | Intravenous | Oral cancer | Mice xenograft (KB2cells) |
| Grape (38) | N.A. | Oral | Head and neck cancer oral mucositis | Humans (phase I) |
| Garlic (39) | N.A. | Media | Inflammatory disorders | Mouse macrophages |
| Ginger (40) | siRNA | Oral | Ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease | FVB3mice |
| Ginseng (41) | N.A. | Topical, oral | Hair growth | Hair follicle organ culture |
| Milk (42) | Curcumin | Media | Anti-cancer drug delivery | Caco-2 cells |
| Grapefruit (33) | Stat3 inhibitor JSI-124 | Intranasal | Glioblastoma | GL-26 implanted C57BL/6J |
| N.A. | Intravenous | Colon | CT26 implanted BALB4/c mice | |
| SW-620 implanted NOD/SCID5 mice | ||||
| Citrus limon (7) | N.A. | Intravenous | CML | NOD/SCID mouse xenograft |
| Grape (43) | N.A. | Oral | Colorectal cancer | Sprague-Dawley rats |
| Lavendar (39) | N.A. | Media | Inflammatory disorders | Mouse macrophages |
| Bovine milk (44) | N.A. | Transdermal | Multiple sclerosis | ? (only hypothesis) |
| Fruit (not specified) (45) | Curcumin | Oral | Colon cancer | Humans (phase I) |
| Breast milk (46) | N.A. | Oral | Lysinuric protein intolerance | Suggestion (Letter to the Editor) |
| Vegetables (not specified) (47) | N.A. | Oral | Kashin-Beck disease | — |
| Apple (48) | N.A. | Media | — | Caco-2 and HEK293 cells |
| Bovine milk (49) | N.A. | Oral gavage | Arthritis | Mouse model |
| Ginger rhizome (39) | N.A. | Media | Inflammatory disorders | Macrophages |
| Bovine milk (50) | N.A. | Oral gavage | Necrotizing enterocolitis | Mouse necrotizing enterocolitis model |
1
Throughout this table, N.A. stands for not applicable.
2
KB stands for Keratin forming tumor cell line.
3
FVB stands for Friend leukemia virus-B susceptible albino mouse strain.
4
BALB stands for Bagg Albino (inbred mouse strain).
5
NOD/SCID is a mouse-strain homozygous for combined immune deficiency spontaneous mutation Prkdcscid and lack B- and T-lymphocytes.