TABLE 3.
Significance of milk-derived exosomes in infant health and disease1
| Source of milk/recipient | Cargo | Cited significance |
|---|---|---|
| Bovine/cell (74) | mRNA (αs1-casein, αs2-casein, β-casein, κ-casein, β-lactoglobulin) mi-RNA (miR-101, miR-125b, miR-150, miR-223, miR-24–1, miR-93) | Development of gastrointestinal health and immunity |
| Rat/rat intestinal cell (75) | — | Understanding of infant intestinal health |
| Bovine and human colostrum/N.A. (76) | 920 kinds of protein (22% genes for stimuli response) | Useful for infant formulations and other dairy products |
| Bovine milk/N.A. (77) | Proteins for actin cytoskeleton, tight junctions, focal adhesions | Understanding of lactation and immune system |
| Human/child ≤2 y (69) | HLA-ABC2, Mucin-1 | Understanding the transfer of allergic tendencies from mother to child |
| Pig/piglet (78) | miR-200c, miR-21, miR-25–3p, miR-27b, miR-30a, miR-375 | Pig as a model for diseases in breast and immune system development |
| Human/N.A. (79) | miR-17–92 cluster and its paralogs | Understanding of immune system development in newborns |
| Giant panda/N.A. (80) | Let-7, miR-30a, miR-148a dla-miR-1310, dla-miR-2916, dla-miR-319a (from bamboo) | Understanding of the mechanism of neonate development e.g. inner ear, neurodevelopment |
| Tamar wallaby/neonate (81) | Let-7 (f, a, i), miR-204, miR-30, miR-375 | Understanding of developmental events in neonate with reference to lens morphogenesis, nervous system, hormone secretory organs |
| Human/N.A. (5) | Long noncoding RNA (SNHG8, GAS5, ZFAS1) | Understanding the mechanism of neonate allergies, asthma, autoimmune disorders, obesity development |
1
Throughout this table, N.A. stands for not applicable/not available.
2
HLA-ABC represents Human Leukocyte Antigen comprising of molecules transcribed from locus A, locus B, and locus C.