TABLE 1.
Evidence from prospective observational studies, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews on associations between full-fat dairy foods and T2D, CHD, and stroke1
| Study (reference) | Study design | Dairy types | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| T2D | |||
| Soedamah-Muthu et al., 2018 (22) | Meta-analysis | Full-fat total dairy, yogurt, milk, and cheese | Nonlinear inverse association with incident T2D (RR: 0.86 at 80 g/d vs 0 g/d; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.90); no associations with total dairy, milk, and cheese |
| Gijsbers et al., 2016 (39) | Meta-analysis | High-fat dairy | No significant association of high-fat dairy intake with T2D risk (RR: 0.98 per 200 g/d; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.04); no association with milk or cheese individually |
| Drouin-Chartier et al., 2016 (25) | Systematic review | Total dairy | High-quality evidence supporting an inverse association between yogurt intake and T2D risk; high- to moderate-quality evidence for neutral associations between full-fat dairy and T2D risk |
| Morio et al., 2016 (43) | Review | Full-fat dairy | 4 studies found no association between intake of full-fat dairy foods and T2D risk; 1 study showed an inverse relation |
| Total CVD | |||
| Dehghan et al., 2018 (44) | Multinational prospective cohort | Whole-fat dairy (milk, yogurt, and cheese) | Inverse association between higher intake (>2 servings/d vs no intake) and major cardiovascular events (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.93) |
| Drouin-Chartier et al., 2016 (25) | Systematic review | Total dairy | High- to moderate-quality evidence for neutral associations between total dairy, cheese, and yogurt consumption and CVD risk |
| Visioli and Strata, 2014 (45) | Narrative review | Total dairy | The majority of published observational studies show no association between dairy intake and CVD risk |
| Kratz et al., 2013 (32) | Systematic review | Full-fat dairy | Modest inverse association between intake of full-fat dairy foods and CVD risk |
| Huth and Park, 2012 (33) | Systematic review | Total dairy | The majority of observational studies have failed to find an association between dairy foods and increased CVD risk, regardless of milk-fat levels |
| Rice et al., 2014 (46) | Review | Full-fat dairy | Inverse association between full-fat milk, cheese, and yogurt and CVD risk |
| Chen et al., 2017 (37) | Meta-analysis | Cheese | Inverse association between cheese intake and total CVD (high vs low intake—RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.99) |
| Wu and Sun, 2017 (47) | Meta-analysis | Yogurt | No association (highest vs lowest category of consumption) between yogurt intake and incident CVD risk (RR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.08) |
| CHD | |||
| Soedamah-Muthu et al., 2018 (22) | Meta-analysis | Total dairy, milk | No association between total dairy or milk intake and CHD risk |
| Guo et al., 2017 (23) | Meta-analysis | Total dairy, milk | No associated between total dairy (RR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.03) or milk (RR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.04) |
| Bechthold et al., 2017 (48) | Meta-analysis | Full-fat dairy foods | No difference in incident CHD risk for low- and full-fat dairy food intake |
| Chen et al., 2017 (37) | Meta-analysis | Cheese | Inverse association between cheese intake and CHD (high vs low intake—RR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.96) |
| Stroke | |||
| Soedamah-Muthu et al., 2018 (22) | Meta-analysis | Full-fat dairy | 200 g/d inversely associated with stroke risk (RR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93, 0.99) |
| de Goede et al., 2016 (34) | Meta-analysis | Full-fat dairy, milk | 200 g/d full-fat dairy inversely associated with stroke (RR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93, 0.99); 200 g/d full-fat milk marginally positively associated with stroke risk (RR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.06) |
| Bechthold et al., 2017 (48) | Meta-analysis | Full-fat dairy | No difference in incident stroke risk for low- and full-fat dairy food intake |
| Chen et al., 2017 (37) | Meta-analysis | Cheese | Inverse association between cheese intake and stroke (high vs low intake—RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.97) |
| Drouin-Chartier et al., 2016 (25) | Systematic review | Total dairy | High- to moderate-quality evidence for neutral associations between full-fat dairy, milk, and yogurt consumption and stroke risk |
1
CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; T2D, type 2 diabetes.