TABLE 1.
Examples of uses and terminology for nutrient reference values1
| Appropriate uses | WHO/FAO | IOM | EFSA | NASEM, 2018 | Harmonization for populations (this paper) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average requirement | Estimate prevalence of inadequacy for groups and probability of inadequacy for individuals | Rarely discussed | EAR | AR | AR | H-AR |
| Recommended intake | Use as a target for intake of individuals | RNI | RDA | PRI | RI | |
| Upper level | Estimate prevalence of intakes at risk of being excessive | Rarely discussed | UL | UL | UL | H-UL |
| Adequate intake | Use as a target for intake of individuals | AI | AI | AI |
1
Adapted from King and Garza (2007) (14). Sources: IOM (1); EFSA (9); WHO/FAO (11); NASEM (16). AI, adequate intake; AR, average requirement; EAR, estimated average requirement; EFSA, European Food Safety Authority; H-AR, harmonized average requirement; H-UL, harmonized upper level; IOM, Institute of Medicine; NASEM, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine; PRI, population reference intake; RI, recommended intake; RNI, recommended nutrient intake; UL, safe upper intake level (NASEM)/tolerable upper intake level (IOM and EFSA).