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. 2019 Nov 8;11(3):469–483. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmz096

TABLE 2.

H-ARs for protein and vitamins, and minerals1

Proteins and vitamins Protein,2 g/kg/d Vitamin A, μg RAE Vitamin C,3 mg Vitamin D, μg Vitamin E, mg α-tocopherol Thiamin, mg Riboflavin, mg Niacin, mg Vitamin B-6, mg Folate,4 μg DFE Vitamin B-12, μg Pantothenic acid, mg Biotin, mg Choline, mg
Source EFSA EFSA EFSA IOM IOM IOM EFSA IOM EFSA EFSA IOM EFSA EFSA EFSA
Life stage5
 Infants
  7–11 mo 1.12 190
 Children
  1–3 y 0.79 205 15 10 5 0.4 0.5 5 0.5 90 0.7 3.2 16 112
  4–6 y 0.69 245 25 10 6 0.5 0.6 6 0.6 110 1 3.2 20 136
  7–10 y 0.75 320 40 10 6 0.5 0.8 6 0.9 160 1 3.2 20 200
 Males
  11–14 y 0.73 480 60 10 9 0.7 1.1 9 1.2 210 1.5 4 28 272
  15–17 y 0.71 580 85 10 12 1 1.4 12 1.5 250 2 4 28 320
  18–24 y 0.66 570 90 10 12 1 1.3 12 1.5 250 2 4 32 320
  25–50 y 0.66 570 90 10 12 1 1.3 12 1.5 250 2 4 32 320
  51–70 y 0.66 570 90 10 12 1 1.3 12 1.5 250 2 4 32 320
  >70 y 0.66 570 90 10 12 1 1.3 12 1.5 250 2 4 32 320
 Females
  11–14 y 0.71 480 60 10 9 0.7 1.1 9 1.2 210 1.5 4 28 272
  15–17 y 0.68 490 75 10 12 0.9 1.4 11 1.3 250 2 4 28 320
  18–24 y 0.66 490 80 10 12 0.9 1.3 11 1.3 250 2 4 32 320
  25–50 y 0.66 490 80 10 12 0.9 1.3 11 1.3 250 2 4 32 320
  51–70 y 0.66 490 80 10 12 0.9 1.3 11 1.3 250 2 4 32 320
  >70 y 0.66 490 80 10 12 0.9 1.3 11 1.3 250 2 4 32 320
 Pregnancy
  ≤ 18 y Add 7.2 g/d 540 75 10 12 1.2 1.5 14 1.5 520 2.2 4 32 384
  19–30 y Add 7.2 g/d 540 80 10 12 1.2 1.5 14 1.5 520 2.2 4 32 384
  31–50y Add 7.2 g/d 540 80 10 12 1.2 1.5 14 1.5 520 2.2 4 32 384
 Lactation
   18 y Add 12.5 g/d 1020 145 10 16 1.2 1.7 13 1.4 380 2.4 5.6 36 416
  19–30 y Add 12.5 g/d 1020 145 10 16 1.2 1.7 13 1.4 380 2.4 5.6 36 416
  31–50 y Add 12.5 g/d 1020 145 10 16 1.2 1.7 13 1.4 380 2.4 5.6 36 416
Iron6 Zinc7
  Minerals Calcium, mg Phosphorus, mg Chromium, μg Copper, μg Fluoride, mg Manganese, mg Molybdenum, μg Iodine, μg High absorption, mg Moderate absorption, mg Low absorption, mg Magnesium, mg Selenium, μg Refined diet, mg Semi-refined, mg Semi-unrefined, mg Unrefined diet, mg
Source EFSA IOM IOM IOM EFSA EFSA IOM IOM EFSA EFSA EFSA IOM IOM EFSA EFSA EFSA EFSA
Life stage5
 Infants
  7–11 mo 8 16 2.4
 Children
  1–3 y 390 380 8.8 260 0.48 0.4 13 65 5 10 65 17 3.6
  4–6 y 680 405 12 340 0.8 0.8 17 65 5 10 110 23 4.6
  7–10 y 680 405 12 340 1.2 1.2 17 65 8 16 110 23 6.2
 Males
  11–14 y 960 1055 20 540 1.76 1.6 26 73 8 12.8 25.6 200 35 8.9
  15–17 y 960 1055 28 685 2.56 2.4 33 95 8 12.8 25.6 340 45 11.8
  18–24 y 860 580 28 700 2.72 2.4 34 95 6 9.6 19.2 330 45 7.5 9.3 11 12.7
  25–50 y 750 580 28 700 2.72 2.4 34 95 6 9.6 19.2 350 45 7.5 9.3 11 12.7
  51–70 y 750 580 24 700 2.72 2.4 34 95 6 9.6 19.2 350 45 7.5 9.3 11 12.7
  >70 y 750 580 24 700 2.72 2.4 34 95 6 9.6 19.2 350 45 7.5 9.3 11 12.7
 Females
  11–14 y 960 1055 16.8 540 1.84 1.6 26 73 7 11.2 22.4 200 35 8.9
  15–17 y 960 1055 19.2 685 2.24 2.4 33 95 7 11.2 22.4 300 45 9.9
  18–24 y 860 580 20 700 2.32 2.4 34 95 7 11.2 22.4 255 45 6.2 7.6 8.9 10.2
  25–50 y 750 580 20 700 2.32 2.4 34 95 7 11.2 22.4 265 45 6.2 7.6 8.9 10.2
  51–70 y 750 580 16 700 2.32 2.4 34 95 6 9.6 19.2 265 45 6.2 7.6 8.9 10.2
  >70 y 750 580 16 700 2.32 2.4 34 95 6 9.6 19.2 265 45 6.2 7.6 8.9 10.2
 Pregnancy
  ≤ 18 y 860 1055 23.2 785 2.32 2.4 40 160 7 11.2 22.4 335 49 7.5 8.9 10.2 11.5
  19–30 y 860 580 24 800 2.32 2.4 40 160 7 11.2 22.4 290 49 7.5 8.9 10.2 11.5
  31–50y 750 580 24 800 2.32 2.4 40 160 7 11.2 22.4 300 49 7.5 8.9 10.2 11.5
 Lactation
  ≤ 18 y 860 1055 35.2 985 2.32 2.4 35 209 7 11.2 22.4 300 59 8.6 10 11.3 13.7
  19–30 y 860 580 36 1000 2.32 2.4 36 209 7 11.2 22.4 255 59 8.6 10 11.3 13.7
  31–50y 750 580 36 1000 2.32 2.4 36 209 7 11.2 22.4 265 59 8.6 10 11.3 13.7
1

Sources of data: IOM (1); EFSA (9). H-ARs for nutrient names in italics are calculated as 0.8 times the AI; using these calculated H-ARs is likely to result in overestimates of the prevalence of inadequacy within a population. DFE, dietary folate equivalent; EFSA, European Food Safety Authority; H-AR, harmonized average requirement; IOM, Institute of Medicine; RAE, retinol activity equivalents.

2

Protein: Additional protein requirements during pregnancy range from +0.52 g/d (first trimester) to +23 g/d (third trimester); additional protein requirements during lactation range from +15 g/d to +10 g/d (after 6 mo); children's protein requirements vary by year of age; the values in the table are for the approximate midpoint age of each age group: 0.5 y for 7–11 mo, 2 y for 1–3 y, 5 y for 4–6 y, 8 y for 7–10 y, 13 y for 11–14 y, and 16 y for 15–17 y.

3

Vitamin C requirements during pregnancy are imputed from nonpregnant requirements.

4

Folate requirements during pregnancy are from IOM.

5

Mapping IOM and EFSA age groups to H-AR age groups: IOM 4–8 y = 4–6 y and 7–10 y; IOM 9–13 y = 11–14 y; IOM 14–18 y = 15–17 y; IOM 19–30 y = 18–30 y; IOM 31–50 y = 25–50 y; EFSA adult = 31–50 y, 51–70 y, and >70 y; Pregnant: EFSA 18–24 y = ≤18 y and 19–30 y; Pregnant: EFSA ≥25 y = 31–50 y; Lactating: EFSA 18–24 y = ≤18 y and 19–30 y; Lactating: EFSA ≥25 y = 31–50 y.

6

EFSA iron requirements for women assume: Premenopausal = 18–50 y, Postmenopausal = >50 y. Three iron requirements are shown, assuming 16%, 10%, and 5% absorption.

7

Four amounts of zinc requirements are shown, assuming 300 mg phytate/d, 600 mg phytate/d, 900 mg phytate/d, and 1200 mg phytate/d in the diet. EFSA zinc requirements for children assume a mixed diet so no adjustment for phytate; shown as “semi-unrefined diet”.