TABLE 3.
Source of values for H-ARs for vitamins and minerals: IOM compared with EFSA1
| Nutrient | IOM EAR – Children2 | IOM EAR – Adults3 | EFSA AR – Children2 | EFSA AR - Adults3 | H-AR decision | H-AR functional outcome4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A, μg RE/d | 210–630 | 500–625 | 205–580 | 490–570 | Use EFSA | Adequate liver stores |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | 13–63 | 60–75 | 15–85 | 80–90 | Use EFSA | Balance; adequate body pool |
| Vitamin D, μg/d | 10 | 10 | Use IOM | Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D | ||
| Vitamin E, mg/d | 5–12 | 12 | Use IOM | Prevent peroxide-induced hemolysis | ||
| Thiamin, mg NE/d | 0.4–1.0 | 0.9–1.0 | 0.35 | 0.65 | Use IOM | Normal erythrocyte transketolase activity |
| Riboflavin, mg/d | 0.4–1.1 | 0.9–1.1 | 0.5–1.4 | 1.3 | Use EFSA | Urinary riboflavin excretion |
| Niacin, mg/d | 5–12 | 11–12 | 5.55 | 115 | Use IOM | Excretion of niacin metabolites |
| Vitamin B-6, mg/d | 0.4–1.1 | 1.1–1.4 | 0.5–1.5 | 1.3–1.5 | Use EFSA | Plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate |
| Vitamin B-12, μg/d | 0.7–2.0 | 2.0 | Use IOM | Maintain hematological status and normal serum B-12 | ||
| Folate, μg DFE/d | 120–330 | 320 | 90–250 | 250 | Use EFSA | Serum and red blood cell folate |
| Calcium, g/d | 500–1100 | 800–1000 | 390–960 | 750–860 | Use EFSA | Factorial approach |
| Phosphorus, g/d | 380–1055 | 580 | Use IOM | Serum phosphate | ||
| Copper, mg/d | 2.60–6.85 | 7.0 | Use IOM | Plasma copper, serum ceruloplasmin, platelet copper | ||
| Molybdenum, μg/d | 13–33 | 34 | Use IOM | Balance studies | ||
| Iodine, μg/d | 65–95 | 95 | Use IOM | Thyroid accumulation and turnover | ||
| Iron, mg/d | 3.0–7.7 | 5.0–8.1 | 5–8 | 6–7 | Use EFSA | Factorial approach |
| Magnesium, mg/d | 65–340 | 255–350 | Use IOM | Balance studies | ||
| Selenium, μg/d | 17–45 | 45 | Use IOM | Plasma glutathione peroxidase activity | ||
| Zinc, mg/d | 2.5–8.5 | 6.8–9.4 | 3.6–11.8 | 6.2–12.7 | Use EFSA | Null balance |
See Table 2 for a summary of the final H-AR values. Sources: IOM (1–8); EFSA (9). AR, average requirement; DFE, dietary folate equivalent; EAR, estimated average requirement; EFSA, European Food Safety Authority; H-AR, harmonized average requirement; IOM, Institute of Medicine; NE, niacin equivalents; RE, retinol equivalents.
Age ranges for children are 1–17 y for EFSA and 1–18 y for IOM.
Does not include requirements for pregnancy or lactation, which are typically higher. H-ARs for pregnancy and lactation are from the same source as H-ARs for adults or adolescents.
Functional outcomes have been abbreviated in this column. For complete information, see IOM (1–8); EFSA (9).
Calculated from the AR of 0.072 mg NE/MJ for thiamin and 1.3 mg/MJ for niacin, assuming 4.2 MJ/d for children (1000 kcal/d) and 8.4 MJ/d for adults (2000 kcal/d).