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. 2019 Nov 8;11(3):469–483. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmz096

TABLE 6.

H-ULs for vitamins and minerals1

Vitamins Vitamin A,2 μg retinol Vitamin C, mg Vitamin D, μg Vitamin E, mg α-tocopherol Niacin,3 mg Vitamin B-6, mg Folic acid, μg Choline, mg
Source EFSA IOM IOM EFSA EFSA EFSA EFSA IOM
Life stage
 Infants
  0–11 mo 38
 Children
  1–3 y 800 400 63 100 2 5 200 1000
  4–6 y 1100 650 75 120 3 7 300 1000
  7–10 y 1500 650 75 160 4 10 400 1000
 Males
  11–14 y 2000 1200 100 220 6 15 600 2000
  15–17 y 2600 1800 100 260 8 20 800 3000
  18–50 y 3000 2000 100 300 10 25 1000 3500
  51–70 y 3000 2000 100 300 10 25 1000 3500
  >70 y 3000 2000 100 300 10 25 1000 3500
 Females
  11–14 y 2000 1200 100 220 6 15 600 2000
  15–17 y 2600 1800 100 260 8 20 800 3000
  18–50 y 3000 2000 100 300 10 25 1000 3500
  51–70 y 2000 100 300 10 25 1000 3500
  >70 y 2000 100 300 10 25 1000 3500
 Pregnancy
  ≤18 y 3000 1800 100 300 25 1000 3000
  19–30 y 3000 2000 100 300 25 1000 3500
  31–50 y 3000 2000 100 300 25 1000 3500
 Lactation
  ≤18 y 3000 1800 100 300 25 1000 3000
  19–30 y 3000 2000 100 300 25 1000 3500
  31–50 y 3000 2000 100 300 25 1000 3500
Minerals Calcium, mg Phosphorus, g Copper, mg Fluoride,4 mg Manganese, mg Molybdenum, mg Iodine, μg Iron, mg Magnesium,5 mg Selenium, μg Zinc, mg
Source IOM IOM EFSA EFSA IOM EFSA EFSA IOM EFSA EFSA EFSA
Life stage
 Infants
  0–11 mo 1500 40
 Children
  1–3 y 2500 3 1 1.5 2.0 0.1 200 40 60 7
  4–6 y 2500 3 2 2.5 3.0 0.2 250 40 250 90 10
  7–10 y 2500 3 3 2.5 3.0 0.25 300 40 250 130 13
 Males
  11–14 y 3000 4 4 5 6.0 0.4 450 40 250 200 18
  15–17 y 3000 4 4 7 9.0 0.5 500 45 250 250 22
  18–50 y 2500 4 5 7 11.0 0.6 600 45 250 300 25
  51–70 y 2000 4 5 7 11.0 0.6 600 45 250 300 25
  >70 y 2000 3 5 7 11.0 0.6 600 45 250 300 25
 Females
  11–14 y 3000 4 4 5 6.0 0.4 450 40 250 200 18
  15–17 y 3000 4 4 7 9.0 0.5 500 45 250 250 22
  18–50 y 2500 4 5 7 11.0 0.6 600 45 250 300 25
  51–70 y 2000 4 5 7 11.0 0.6 600 45 250 300 25
  >70 y 2000 3 5 7 11.0 0.6 600 45 250 300 25
 Pregnancy
  ≤18 y 3000 3.5 7 9.0 0.6 600 45 250 300 25
  19–30 y 2500 3.5 7 11.0 0.6 600 45 250 300 25
  31–50 y 2500 3.5 7 11.0 0.6 600 45 250 300 25
 Lactation
  ≤18 y 3000 4 7 9.0 0.6 600 45 250 300 25
  19–30 y 2500 4 7 11.0 0.6 600 45 250 300 25
  31–50 y 2500 4 7 11.0 0.6 600 45 250 300 25
1

Sources of data: IOM (1); EFSA (10). EFSA, European Food Safety Authority; H-UL, harmonized upper level; IOM, Institute of Medicine; UL, tolerable upper intake level

2

Vitamin A applies to retinol and retinyl esters and does not apply to postmenopausal women as it may not provide an adequate margin of safety.

3

Niacin UL applies only to nicotinic acid in supplements or food fortification (ULs for nicotinamide range from 150 to 700 mg/d for children and 900 mg/d for adults).

4

Age groups for fluoride for children aged 4–14 y are slightly different: 4–8 y (H-UL = 2.5 mg/d) and 9–14 y (H-UL = 5 mg/d).

5

Magnesium applies to readily dissociable Mg salts and MgO in food supplements, water, or added to foods and does not apply to children aged 1–3 y.