Table 3. Factors Associated with Recovery and Discharge from Hospital at Four Weeks among Patients with COVID-19 in Univariate and Multivariate Cox Regression.
| Variable | Stratification | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR‡ | 95% CI | P | Adjusted HR‡ | 95% CI | P | ||
| Age | > 65 years vs. ≤ 65 years* | 0.34 | 0.08–1.45 | 0.152† | 0.44 | 0.07–2.73 | 0.374 |
| Sex | Female vs. male* | 1.33 | 0.64–2.74 | 0.446 | |||
| Onset time§ | > 3 days vs. ≤ 3* days | 0.59 | 0.29–1.20 | 0.145† | 0.94 | 0.36–2.46 | 0.893 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Hypertension | Yes vs. no* | 1.69 | 0.58–4.94 | 0.334 | |||
| Diabetes | Yes vs. no* | 0.04 | 0–21.74 | 0.318 | |||
| Coronary artery disease | Yes vs. no* | 0.36 | 0.05–2.65 | 0.316 | |||
| Chronic glomerulonephritis | Yes vs. no* | 2.33 | 0.31–17.37 | 0.409 | |||
| Lesions∥ | |||||||
| GGO only | - | 0.60 | 0.15–2.33 | 0.459 | 1.32 | 0.34–5.14 | 0.694 |
| GGO and consolidation | - | 0.56 | 0.15–2.13 | 0.398 | 1.02 | 0.26–3.96 | 0.981 |
| Consolidation only | - | 0.52 | 0.11–2.59 | 0.427 | 0.71 | 0.14–3.55 | 0.681 |
| GGO and linear opacity | - | 0.19 | 0.02–1.83 | 0.149† | 1.60 | 0.11–22.86 | 0.729 |
| Consolidation and linear opacity | - | 0.27 | 0.03–2.62 | 0.260 | 0.29 | 0.03–2.76 | 0.280 |
| GGO, consolidation and linear opacity | - | 0.49 | 0.13-1.83 | 0.291 | 2.44 | 0.54–10.98 | 0.246 |
| Without three signs* | - | - | - | - | |||
| Number of lobes affected | > 2 vs. ≤ 2* | 0.45 | 0.22–0.90 | 0.025† | 0.92 | 0.24–3.53 | 0.899 |
| Bilateral involvement | Yes vs. no* | 0.56 | 0.26–1.18 | 0.126† | 0.76 | 0.29–1.98 | 0.572 |
| Total lung severity score | > 4 vs. ≤ 4* | 0.44 | 0.20–0.98 | 0.045† | 0.41 | 0.18–0.92 | 0.031 |
| Laboratory testing at initial hospital-visit | |||||||
| White blood cell count reduced | Yes vs. no* | 0.95 | 0.45–2.02 | 0.897 | |||
| Lymphocyte count reduced | Yes vs. no* | 0.15 | 0.04–0.63 | 0.010† | 0.14 | 0.03–0.60 | 0.008 |
| Percent lymphocytes reduced | Yes vs. no* | 0.84 | 0.39–1.82 | 0.662 | |||
| Percent neutrophilic granulocyte increased | Yes vs. no* | 0.80 | 0.35–1.79 | 0.581 | |||
| Percent monocytes increased | Yes vs. no* | 1.18 | 0.56–2.50 | 0.670 | |||
| Hemoglobin reduced | Yes vs. no* | 1.32 | 0.46–3.80 | 0.604 | |||
| ALT increased | Yes vs. no* | 1.24 | 0.51–3.03 | 0.639 | |||
| AST increased | Yes vs. no* | 0.82 | 0.35–1.93 | 0.649 | |||
| Creatine kinase reduced | Yes vs. no* | 1.22 | 0.47–3.19 | 0.686 | |||
| C-reactive protein increased | Yes vs. no* | 0.70 | 0.34–1.42 | 0.317 | |||
*Reference categories, †Variables with p value < 0.20 on univariable analysis were included in multivariable analysis, ‡Because outcome event was discharge with recovery from hospital, HR values < 1 indicated lower rate of discharge with recovery at four weeks and longer time until discharge compared with reference category, §Onset time: duration between symptom onset to initial CT examination time, ∥All lesions are compared with “without the three signs.” CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio