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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Health Econ. 2020 Mar 4;71:102286. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.102286

Table 2:

Medical Supply of Opioids

Outcome: Morphine Equivalent Doses Per Capita
% Elderly2003 × Post (1) (2) (3) (4)
0.824***
(0.202)		 1.042***
(0.122)		 0.966***
(0.119)		 0.953***
(0.255)
State time-varying controls × Year Fixed Effects No Yes Yes Yes
No No No Yes
Policy Variables No No Yes Yes
N 612 612 612 612

Notes:

***

Significance 1%,

**

Significance 5%,

*

Significance 10%.

Standard errors in parentheses adjusted for clustering at state level. All regressions weighted by population. Mean outcome = 9.67. Controls included in all models but not shown: state fixed effects and year fixed effects. State time-varying controls include the unemployment rate, % white, 6 age group shares, % no college, and % some college (but no degree). When these covariates are interacted with year indicators, the age group shares are not due to collinearity concerns (given the interaction term of interest). Instead, we also include the 2003 share ages 25–44 interacted with year indicators. Policy variables include whether the state has a PDMP, a medical marijuana law, legal and operational medical marijuana dispensaries, and pain clinic regulations.