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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Health Econ. 2020 Mar 4;71:102286. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.102286

Table 3:

Opioid-Related Mortality, Ages 0–64

Outcome: Opioid-Related Mortality per 100,000 By Age
% Elderly2003 × Post (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
0.282**
(0.120)		 0.330***
(0.117)		 0.354***
(0.130)		 0.445***
(0.141)		 0.357***
(0.124)
State time-varying controls × Year Fixed Effects No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No No Yes No
Policy Variables No No Yes Yes Yes
N 612 612 612 612 39,780

Notes:

***

Significance 1%,

**

Significance 5%,

*

Significance 10%.

State and year fixed effects included in all models. Standard errors in parentheses adjusted for clustering at state level. Mean outcome = 4.33 in all columns. All regressions weighted by population. In Column (5), observations are defined by state-year-age and the outcome is the number of opioid-related deaths per 100,000 in that cell. State time-varying controls include the unemployment rate, % white, 6 age group shares, % no college, and % some college (but no degree). When these covariates are interacted with year indicators, the age group shares are not included due to collinearity concerns (given the interaction term of interest). Instead, we also include the 2003 share ages 25–44 interacted with year indicators. Policy variables include whether the state has a PDMP, a medical marijuana law, legal and operational medical marijuana dispensaries, and pain clinic regulations. The last column also include state-age and age-year fixed effects.