Table 3:
The influence of poverty, income, and unemployment on life expectancy in Malaysia; fixed effect multivariate regressions
| Variable | Life Expectancy (Total) | Life Expectancy (Male) | Life Expectancy (Female) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | [SE] | (P-value) | β | [SE] | (P-value) | β | [SE] | (P-value) | |
| Poverty | −0.049 | [0.018] | (0.010) | −0.044 | [0.020] | (0.035) | −0.056 | [0.018] | (0.003) |
| Income | 0.447 | [0.071] | (0.000) | 0.465 | [0.075] | (0.000) | 0.445 | [0.068] | (0.000) |
| Unemployment | −0.197 | [0.094] | (0.041) | _ | _ | _ | −0.245 | [0.101] | (0.018) |
| Constant | 74.760 | [0.526] | (0.000) | 72.126 | [0.367] | (0.000) | 76.768 | [0.516] | (0.000) |
| Sarawak | Ref. | _ | _ | Ref. | _ | _ | Ref. | _ | _ |
| Johor | −2.173 | [0.176] | (0.000) | −2.549 | [0.150] | (0.000) | −1.664 | [0.182] | (0.000) |
| Kedah | −2.531 | [0.158] | (0.000) | −3.384 | [0.138] | (0.000) | −1.589 | [0.174] | (0.000) |
| Kelantan | −3.818 | [0.169] | (0.000) | −5.009 | [0.195] | (0.000) | −2.492 | [0.174] | (0.000) |
| Melaka | −2.898 | [0.301] | (0.000) | −3.224 | [0.230] | (0.000) | −2.264 | [0.317] | (0.000) |
| Negeri Sembilan | −2.823 | [0.146] | (0.000) | −3.784 | [0.195] | (0.000) | −1.807 | [0.137] | (0.000) |
| Pahang | −2.706 | [0.156] | (0.000) | −3.423 | [0.158] | (0.000) | −1.849 | [0.152] | (0.000) |
| Perak | −2.175 | [0.269] | (0.000) | −3.186 | [0.284] | (0.000) | −1.075 | [0.253] | (0.000) |
| Perlis | −2.679 | [0.128] | (0.000) | −3.587 | [0.151] | (0.000) | −1.676 | [0.175] | (0.000) |
| Pulau Pinang | −2.147 | [0.250] | (0.000) | −2.564 | [0.207] | (0.000) | −1.474 | [0.248] | (0.000) |
| Selangor | −1.870 | [0.223] | (0.000) | −1.928 | [0.228] | (0.000) | −1.693 | [0.231] | (0.000) |
| Terengganu | −4.242 | [0.142] | (0.000) | −5.148 | [0.174] | (0.000) | −3.240 | [0.141] | (0.000) |
| F. Kuala Lumpur | −1.820 | [0.408] | (0.000) | −1.840 | [0.463] | (0.000) | −1.704 | [0.363] | (0.000) |
| R2 (Adjusted-R2) | 0.950 | (0.938) | 0.958 | (0.948) | 0.926 | (0.908) | |||
| F-statistic (P-value) | 78.232 | (0.000) | 101.962 | (0.000) | 51.932 | (0.000) | |||
| No. of observations (No. of states) | 78 (13) | 78 (13) | 78 (13) | ||||||
| P-value of fixed-effect specification test | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
SE = Standard error, F. = Federal territory, Ref. = Reference.
Note: All standard errors and covariance are White-heteroscedasticity-consistent