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Mortality of S. litura larvae fed with trypsin-processed Vip3Aa proteins. After tryptic processing, Vip3Aa-WT, Vip3Aa-S164T, Vip3Aa-S164A and Vip3Aa-S164P were respectively fed to neonates of S. litura for 96 h to test their insecticidal activity. Error bars indicate the standard error of mortality among five replications.
