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Action of microbiota through hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and brain via chemical messengers. Depicted here is the microbiota-gut-brain axis–heart shunt and the intersection between the gut-derived messengers vs. liver and bacterial toxins or metabolites and the effect that stress and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have on the system. This can arise form prosaic foods, drug action, or co-metabolism between the microbiota and the host.
