Table 1.
Summary of the results of four large‐scale randomized controlled trials regarding the effects of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on kidney outcomes
| EMPA‐REG OUTCOME trial (n = 7,020) | CANVAS program (n = 10,142) | DECLARE‐TIMI 58 study (n = 17,160) | CREDENCE study (n = 4,401) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Empagliflozin | Canagliflozin | Dapagliflozin | Canagliflozin |
| Data at baseline | ||||
| Age (years) | 63 | 63 | 64 | 63 |
| Men (%) | 72 | 64 | 63 | 66 |
| History of ASCVD (%) | 99 | 72 | 41 | 50 |
| RAAS inhibitors (%) | 81 | 80 | 81 | 100 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.3 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 74.1 | 76.5 | 85.3 | 56.2 |
| Urinary ACR (mg/g) | NA | 12.4a | NA | 927.0a |
| Urinary ACR (mg/g) category (%) | ||||
| <30 | 60 | 70 | 69 | 0 |
| 30–300 | 29 | 22 | 24 | 0 |
| ≥300 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 100 |
| Primary outcome | 3‐point MACE | 3‐point MACE | 3‐point MACE | Composite kidney outcome and cardiovascular death |
| Composite kidney outcomeb | ||||
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 0.54 (0.40–0.75) | 0.60 (0.47–0.77) | 0.53 (0.43–0.66) | 0.66 (0.53–0.81) |
| Incidence/ 1,000 patient‐years | ||||
| Intervention group | 6.3 | 5.5 | 3.7 | 27.0 |
| Placebo group | 11.5 | 9.0 | 7.0 | 40.4 |
| NNTc | 194 | 288 | 305 | 77 |
Date is expressed as mean, median, or percentage.
ACR, albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CANVAS, Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study; CI, confidence interval; CREDENCE, Canagliflozin and Renal Endpoints in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation; DECLARE‐TIMI 58, Dapagliflozin Effect on Cardiovascular Events–Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 58; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; EMPA‐REG OUTCOME, Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in the Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients–Removing Excess Glucose; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events; NA, not applicable; NNT, number needed to treat; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; SGLT2, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2.
Expressed as the median.
Means a composite of end‐stage kidney disease (kidney replacement therapy and/or estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] of <15 mL/min/1.73 m2), kidney insufficiency (40% decline in eGFR or doubling of serum creatinine levels) and kidney‐related death.
Estimated by the authors using Stang’s method.