Table 2.
Comparison between community‐acquired and nosocomial invasive fungal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
| Community‐acquired (n = 80) | Nosocomial (n = 40) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Sex (male : female) | 49:31 | 24:16 | 0.89 |
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 58.9 ± 10.7 | 63.8 ± 12.9 | 0.03* |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 21.7 ± 3.5 | 21.7 ± 2.7 | 0.94 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 23 (28.8) | 17 (42.5) | 0.10 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 28 (35.0) | 18 (45.0) | 0.29 |
| CTD, n (%) | 12 (15.0) | 0 (0) | 0.01* |
| CAD, n (%) | 6 (7.5) | 9 (22.5) | 0.02* |
| COPD, n (%) | 4 (5.0) | 2 (5.0) | 1.00 |
| Solid organ malignancy, n (%) | 7 (8.8) | 6 (15.0) | 0.001* |
| Hematopoietic disease, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 0.31 |
| Organ transplantation, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 4 (10.0) | 0.08 |
| Acute stroke, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 1 (2.5) | 1.00 |
| Characteristics of T2DM | |||
| Median duration of T2DM, months (IQR) | 36 (2–120) | 82 (36–180) | 0.003* |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 1 (2.5) | 1.00 |
| Diabetic nephropathy, n (%) | 17 (21.3) | 19 (47.5) | 0.003* |
| HbA1c, % (mean ± SD) | 8.0 ± 2.2 | 7.8 ± 2.3 | 0.56 |
| Risk factors | |||
| Use of GC, n (%) | 11 (13.8) | 2 (5.0) | 0.15 |
| Median accumulated dose of PSL, mg (IQR) | 1,417.5 (487.5–2,952.5) | 457 (453.5–460.5) | 0.36 |
| Immunosuppressants/chemotherapy, n (%) | 10 (12.5) | 4 (10.0) | 0.69 |
| Operation, n (%) | 1 (1.3) | 19 (47.5) | <0.001* |
| Dialysis‐dependent, n (%) | 1 (1.3) | 6 (15.0) | 0.002* |
| Indwelling urinary catheter, n (%) | 6 (7.5) | 16 (40.0) | <0.001* |
| Central venous catheter, n (%) | 10 (12.5) | 20 (50.0) | <0.001* |
| Total parenteral nutrition, n (%) | 0 (0) | 7 (17.5) | 0.001* |
| Infective sites | |||
| Lung, n (%) | 48 (60.0) | 11 (27.5) | 0.001* |
| Sinus, n (%) | 13 (16.3) | 1 (2.5) | 0.03* |
| CNS, n (%) | 4 (5.0) | 0 (0) | 0.15 |
| Abdominal cavity, n (%) | 3 (3.8) | 9 (22.5) | 0.001* |
| Esophagus, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 1 (2.5) | 1.00 |
| Urinary tract, n (%) | 1 (1.3) | 12 (30.0) | <0.001* |
| Soft tissue, n (%) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 0.21 |
| Biliary tract, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.5) | 0.01* |
| Disseminated, n (%) | 8 (10.0) | 5 (12.5) | 0.81 |
| Infective patterns | |||
| Candidiasis, n (%) | 9 (11.3) | 22 (55.0) | <0.001* |
| Cryptococcosis, n (%) | 25 (31.3) | 0 (0) | 0.02* |
| Mold infection, n (%) | 37 (46.3) | 12 (30.0) | 0.13 |
| Mixed fungal infection, n (%) | 9 (11.3) | 6 (15.0) | 0.63 |
| Inpatient mortality, n (%) | 12 (15.0) | 16 (40.0) | <0.001* |
*
P < 0.05. BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CNS, central nervous system; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTD, connective tissue disease; GC, glucocorticoid; IFD, invasive fungal disease; IQR, interquartile range; PSL, prednisolone; SD, standard deviation; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.