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. 2020 Apr 18;12(4):262. doi: 10.3390/toxins12040262

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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CTX1 and SEM-CTX1 induced membrane permeability of methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD)-treated and -untreated K562 cells. (A) K562 cells and (B) MβCD-treated K562 cells were incubated with calcein acetoxymethyl ester (calcein-AM) according to the procedure described in Materials and Methods section. The calcein-loaded cells were treated with 500 nM CTXs for indicated time periods, and then were analyzed by flow cytometry. The cell population with reduced fluorescence intensity represented the release of intracellular calcein.