Table 3.
Characteristics of schools and students at baseline by trial arm
| School characteristics | Control | Intervention | Overall |
| 20 schools | 20 schools | 40 schools | |
| School sex mix, n (%) | |||
| Mixed | 15 (75.0) | 15 (75.0) | 30 (75.0) |
| Girls | 3 (15.0) | 4 (20.0) | 7 (17.5) |
| Boys | 2 (10.0) | 1 (5.0) | 3 (7.5) |
| Ofsted rating*, n (%) | |||
| Excellent | 5 (25.0) | 6 (30.0) | 11 (27.5) |
| Good | 13 (65.0) | 12 (60.0) | 25 (62.5) |
| Requires improvement | 2 (10.0) | 2 (10.0) | 4 (10.0) |
| Value added score, mean (SD) | 1003 (24.8) | 1004 (20.4) | 1003 (22.4) |
| Proportion of students on free school means, mean (SD) | 36 (18.0) | 35 (22.0) | 36 (20.0) |
| IDACI, mean (SD) | 0.26 (0.2) | 0.24 (0.2) | 0.25 (0.2) |
| Student socio-demographic characteristics | 3347 students† | 3320 students† | 6667 students† |
| Age, mean (SD) | 12 (0.4) | 12 (0.4) | 12 (0.4) |
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Male | 1639 (49.9) | 1464 (44.9) | 3103 (47.3) |
| Female | 1649 (50.2) | 1804 (55.2) | 3453 (52.7) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||
| White British | 1391 (41.5) | 1221 (37.3) | 2612 (39.7) |
| White other | 291 (8.8) | 273 (8.3) | 564 (8.6) |
| Asian/Asian British | 859 (25.9) | 786 (24.0) | 1645 (25.0) |
| Black/Black British | 384 (11.6) | 535 (16.4) | 919 (14.0) |
| Chinese/Chinese British | 11 (0.3) | 35 (1.1) | 46 (0.7) |
| Mixed ethnicity | 238 (7.2) | 224 (6.9) | 462 (7.0) |
| Other | 140 (4.2) | 198 (6.1) | 338 (5.1) |
| Family affluence scale, mean (SD) | 6 (1.8) | 6 (1.8) | 6 (1.8) |
| Student baseline rates of outcomes | |||
| Cyberbullying perpetration, n (%) | 290 (8.9) | 279 (8.6) | 569 (8.7) |
| Cyberbullying victimisation, n (%) | 522 (16.0) | 467 (14.5) | 989 (15.3) |
| Truancy, n (%) | 189 (5.9) | 182 (5.8) | 371 (5.8) |
| E-cigarette use, n (%) | 187 (5.8) | 131 (4.2) | 318 (5.0) |
| Perceived lack of school safety, n (%) | 493 (15.6) | 440 (14.5) | 933 (15.1) |
| Student-reported observations of other students perpetrating aggressive behaviours at school, mean (SD) | 2.30 (1.61) | 2.04 (1.65) | 2.17 (1.64) |
| Perpetration of aggressive behaviour in/outside school, mean (SD) | 0.06 (0.31) | 0.06 (0.33) | 0.06 (0.32) |
| Participation in school disciplinary procedures, mean (SD) | 2.47 (2.96) | 2.39 (3.00) | 2.43 (2.98) |
*One control school did not have an Ofsted rating.
†The number of students who responded at this survey; actual number of responses to each question varies, but item non-response is similar across arms.
ADACI, Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index.