Table 2.

Murine models of campylobacteriosis applying genetically modified mice.

Strain/Species	Genetic Modification	Intestinal Microflora	Antibiotic Treatment	LOS Sensitized	Macroscopic Signs of Disease	Inflammatory Responses	Reference
BALB/c	Athymic (nu/nu) Euthymic (+/nu)	No, GF	No	Yes	Transient diarrhea	Cecal shrinkage, accumulation of eosinophils in the lower intestinal mucosa and lamina propria, translocation of viable C. jejuni to MLN, spleen, liver and kidneys	[59,60]
C57BL/6	IL-10−/−	SPF	No	Yes	Wasting, bloody diarrhea	Severe typhlocolitis and gross pathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, increased immune cell responses and production of pro-inflammatory mediators	[56]
129/SvEv	IL-10−/−	No, GF	No	Yes	Wasting, bloody diarrhea	Intestinal crypt abscesses and epithelial ulcerations. Increased mononuclear cells, neutrophils, and elevated pro-inflammatory mediators	[61]
129/SvEv C57BL/6	IL-10−/−	No, GF	No	Yes	Wasting, bloody diarrhea	Pronounced neutrophilic infiltration of the intestines; increased NF-κB activity and Il1β, Cxcl2, Il17a expression	[62,63]
C57BL/10	IL-10−/−	No, SA	Yes	Yes	Wasting, bloody diarrhea	Increases in apoptotic intestinal epithelial cells. Pronounced innate and adaptive immune cell responses, elevated intestinal pro-inflammatory mediators. Translocation of viable C. jejuni to MLN, extra-intestinal including systemic inflammation	[50,64]
C57BL/6	SIGIRR−/−	Modified	Yes	Yes	ND	Increases in intestinal granulocytes, goblet cell depletion, edema, elevated pro-inflammatory mediators, translocation of C. jejuni to subepithelial tissues	[54]

ND, not determined; SA, secondary abiotic; SPF, specific-pathogen-free murine microbiota; GF, germfree; MLN, mesenteric lymph nodes.