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. 2020 Mar 25;8(4):463. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8040463

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of AHA treatments on in vitro biofilm formation assay. In vitro biofilm formation from the three strains of C. urealyticum tested determined by crystal violet (CV) staining. Blank: negative control without bacterial strains. White histograms: strains not treated with AHA. Light grey histograms with dots: strains treated with 0.25 mg/mL AHA. Black histograms: strains treated with 0.50 mg/mL AHA. The bars represent means ± SD of three independent experiments performed in triplicate (SD = standard deviation). Statistically significant differences, determined by two-way analysis of variance ANOVA, are indicated: * p < 0.05 versus control/untreated.