Table 2.
Summary of fNIRS studies differentiating depressed patients from healthy controls.
| Source | Country | Sample size (male/female) | Age (mean ± standard deviation) | Diagnostic criteria (instrument) | Psychopathology measure | Medication | NIRS device | Paradigm | Brain area | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pu et al., (25) | Japan | MDD: 24 (12/12) HC: 26 (8/18) |
MDD: 47.9 ± 13.9 HC: 42.4 ± 9.3 |
DSM-IV-TR (MINI) | BDI HAMD |
All on antidepressants | 52-Channel NIRS (ETG-4000) |
2-Back task with blocked periodic baseline, activation | PF T |
– MDD group had ↓ response sensitivity and accuracy than HC. |
| Matsuo et al. (26) | Japan | UNI: 8 (1/7) BP: 1 (1/0) HC: 10 (0/10) |
UNI+BP: 65.6 ± 6.4 HC: 59.5 ± 5.9 |
DSM-IV (unspecified) |
HAMD | All on medication | HEO-200 | Verbal repetition task, VFT, Hyperventilation, Paper-bag breathing | F | – VFT: Oxy-Hb ↑ and deoxy-Hb ↓ in HC group but no noteworthy changes in depressed group. – Hyperventilation: oxy-Hb ↓ while deoxy-Hb ↑ |
| Herrmann et al. (27) | Germany | MDD: 9 (5/4) HC: 9 (5/4) |
MDD: 37.3 ± 13.8 HC: 35.1 ± 5.5 |
ICD-10 | BDI | All on medication | 2-Channel NIRO-300 monitor | VFT | PF | – Oxy-Hb ↑ in HC. – MDD had significantly ↓ activation. |
| Shoji et al. (28) | Japan | MDD: 26 HC: 32 |
NA | ICD-10 | HAMD | NA | 44-channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | Word generation tasks | PF | – Oxy-Hb variations in MDD were appreciably lesser than HC in all word tasks. |
| Kinoshita et al. (29) | Japan | MDD: 17 | 44.2 ± 12.2 | DSM-IV (SCID) | HAMD | Majority on antidepressants | 22-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | DEX/CRH test VFT |
F | – Results did not fit well with the diagnostic criteria (DSM or ICD). |
| Kito et al. (30) | Japan | MDD: 30 (9/21) HC: 33 (11/22) |
MDD: 71.1 ± 6.8 HC: 69.6 ± 5.5 |
DSM-IV | HAMD | All on medication | FOIRE-3000 (Shimadzu) | VFT | F, P | – Cortical activation in the VFT in MDD ↓ compared to HC. |
| Matsuo et al. (31) | Japan | MDD: 14 (4/10) HC: 21 (3/18) |
MDD: 56.1 ± 17.3 HC: 50.3 ± 12.6 |
DSM-IV | HAMD | All on medication | Single channel HEO-200 (Omron) | VFT Hyperventilation Paper-bag breathing |
F | – VFT: ↑ in oxy-Hb was lower in MDD compared to HC. – Hyperventilation: MDD demonstrated an appreciably smaller reduction in oxy-Hb than HC. – Paper-bag breathing: oxy-Hb ↑ in both groups while deoxy-Hb ↓ in MDD. |
| Matsubara et al. (32) | Japan | MDD: 10 HC: 10 |
NA | NA | NA | NA | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | Emotional Stroop task | T | – HC showed ↑ in oxy-Hb in the fronto-temporal regions as opposed to MDD. |
| Koike et al. (33) | Japan | MDD: 405 HC: 369 |
NA | NA | NA | NA | fNIRS | VFT | PF | – The intensity of signals was smaller in MDD. – The duration of time taken to complete the task was later in MDD. |
| Azechi et al. (34) | Japan | MDD: 30 HC: 30 |
NA | NA | NA | NA | 2-Channel NIRS | VFT, TOH, SBT Stroop Task | F | – Task performances of the VFT and TOH were ↓ in MDD than in HC. |
| Matsuo et al. (35) | Japan | MDD: 10 (5/5) HC: 10 (6/4) |
MDD: 62.2 ± 4.8 HC: 58.7 ± 5.8 |
DSM-IV (MINI) | HAMD | Only 4 patients had medication | 24-Channel ETG-100 (Hitachi) | VFT WRT CO2 inhalation |
PF | – During cognitive task, there was ↓ activation of PF cortex in MDD. – Negative association between ↓ PF activation while performing the cognitive task and degree of hyperintensity in the periventricular region or left F cortex in MDD. – CO2 inhalation causing vasomotor reactivity was ↓ in MDD than HC. |
| Ohta et al. (36) | Japan | MDD: 17 (5/12) HC: 24 (12/12) |
MDD: 42.8 ± 18.2 HC: 36.2 ± 16.5 |
DSM-IV (MINI) |
HAMD | All on medication | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | WFT | F | – Improvement of oxy-Hb values in the bilateral F cortices, – MDD showed attenuated ↑ in oxy-Hb while doing WFT in the bilateral F regions. – Hypofrontality in MDD is most notable in the left medial inferior F lobe. – Enhancement of oxy-Hb was not as notable on the right-sided channels in MDD. |
| Suto et al. (18) | Japan | MDD: 10 (9/1) HC: 16 (12/4) |
MDD: 47.9 ± 12.8 HC: 42.9 ± 4.6 |
DSM-IV | HAMD | All on medication | 24-Channel ETG-100 (Hitachi) | WFT Right-finger-tapping task |
F, T | – During first half of task period, MDD had ↓ oxy-Hb increase than HC. ↑were seen in the anterior lower T and lower F channels. – Finger tapping tasks in MDD patients caused ↑ in oxy-Hb compared to HC. |
| Shimodera et al. (37) | Japan | UNI: 39 (19/20) BP: 14 (7/7) HC: 24 (13/11) |
UNI: 56.9 ± 12.6 BP: 51.4 ± 14.0 HC: 40.9 ± 10.6 |
DSM-IV-TR | HAMD | All on medication | 52-Channel OMM-3000/16 (Shimadzu) | VFT | PF | – Both UNI and BP showed ↓ area under curves (AUCs) than HC. – MDD showed significantly ↓ weighted center (WC) than BP or HC. |
| Ma et al. (38) | China | Menopausal MD: 30 (0/30) MDD: 30 (0/30) HC: 30 (0/30) |
MD: 51.17 ± 6.06 MDD: 37.50 ± 10.60 HC: 34.83 ± 8.77 |
DSM-IV | HAMD | Only 20 patients took medication | 45-Channel FOIRE-3000 (Shimadzu) | VFT | PF | – MD and MDD both showed ↓ oxy-Hb activation in bilateral DLPFC than HC, but involving different channels. – Atypical hemodynamics of the left DLPFC can discriminate HC from MDD using NIRS. |
| Takizawa et al. (39) | Japan | UNI: 153 (76/77) BP: 134 (65/69) HC: 590 (276/314) |
UNI: 43.8 ± 12.7 BP: 44.0 ± 14.9 HC: 43.9 ± 15.7 |
DSM-IV SCID |
HAMD | 10 drug-free patients with UNI | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | VFT | PF, T | – NIRS can differentiate HC from patients, and differentiate UNI from BP. |
| Liske et al. (40) | Germany | MDD: 41 HC: 46 |
NA | NA | SIMS | NA | NA | Motor task–pressing button | P | – In HC, a noteworthy contrast in the NIRS signal resulting from the left P brain regions but this was weaker in MDD. |
| Zhu et al. (41) | China | UNI: 35 (11/24) BP: 39 (19/20) HC: 36 (18/18) |
UNI: 35.9 ± 13.2 BP: 37.0 ± 12.9 HC: 33.6 ± 10.3 |
DSM-IV-TR (MINI) | HAMD | All on medication | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | 1-Back version of the n-back WMT | PF, T | – Compared to HCs, UNI and BP ↓ activation of oxy-Hb in the inferior PF region during WMT. – Distinct prefrontal activation patterns in the Broca's area and left frontopolar region, underline BD and UD. |
| Matsubara et al. (42) | Japan | UNI: 16 (8/8) BP: 16 (8/8) HC: 20 (10/10) |
UNI: 45.4 ± 12.2 BP: 44.1 ± 17.5 HC: 41.4 ± 8.5 |
DSM-IV-TR (MINI) | HAMD | All on medication | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | Emotional Stroop task | PF | -While doing the threat task, depressed patients revealed ↑ oxy-Hb in the left middle frontal region. – When performing happy task, depressed patients, did not display any meaningful changes in oxy-Hb. |
| Akashi et al. (43) | Japan | MDD: 52 (32/20) Subdivided into with/without discrepancy HC: 48 (21/27) |
MDD: 41.8 ± 12.7 HC: 38.9 ± 9.5 |
DSM-IV (MINI) |
Structured interview guide for HAMD (SIGH-D) | Most of the patients taking medications | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | VFT | F, T | – In the FT regions, upsurge in mean oxy-Hb were ↓ in MDD than in HC. |
| Gao et al. (44) | China | MDD: 27 (7/20) HC: 24 (11/13) |
MDD: 40.78 ± 13.42 HC: 43.13 ± 11.28 |
DSM-IV | HAMD | All were medication free for at least 4 weeks | CW-NIRS | Facial emotion recognition | PF | – Hemodynamic variations between the bilateral PF cortex and left PF cortex may provide dependable predictors for diagnosing depression |
| Schecklmann et al. (45) | Germany | UNI: 16 (9/7) BP: 14 (3/11) HC: 15 (7/8) |
UNI: 43.4 ± 9.8 BP: 40.8 ± 10.2 HC: 40.9 ± 8.0 |
ICD-10 | BDI-II | All on medication | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | WMT | PF, F | Results discovered unspecific deficits that inhibited discrimination between bipolar and unipolar depression in domains of working memory. |
| Tomioka et al. 3,4 (46) | Japan | MDD: 25 (3/22) HC: 62 (14/48) |
MDD: 51.9 ± 16.6 HC: 51.7 ± 17.2 |
DSM-IV | HAMD | Medication-naive | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | VFT | PF, T | – MDD showed ↓ oxy-Hb values when comparing to with HC in the bilateral F and T cortices at baseline. – Hypofrontality response to VFT may represent a potential trait marker for depression |
| Ohtani et al. 3,4 (47) | Japan | UNI: 10 (4/6) BP: 18 (9/9) HC: 14 (7/7) |
UNI: 39.2 ± 12.1 BP: 39.7 ± 9 HC: 33.6 ± 8.3 |
DSM-IV-TR | HAMD | All on medication | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | VFT | PF, T | – UNI and BP showed ↓ activation than HCs in the bilateral ventrolateral PF cortex and the anterior part of the T cortex. |
| Masuda et al. 3,4 (48) | Japan | MDD: 47 Response group to SSRIs: 28 (15/13) Nonresponse group: 19 (6/13) HC: 63 (35/28) |
Response group: 48.9 ± 2.9) Nonresponse group: 43.2 ± 3.3 HC: 41.7 ± 1.4 |
DSM-IV-TR | HAMD | Medication-naive | 47-Channel ETG-7100 (Hitachi) | VFT | PF, T | – In FT region, hemodynamic responses were ↓ in patients with response and nonresponse than in HC prior to treatment. – In the medial F region, hemodynamic responses were ↑ in patients with response to prior treatment. |
| Feng et al. 4 (49) | China | MDD: 15 (7/8) HC: 15 (6/9) |
MDD: 30.93 ± 13.47 HC: 30.87 ± 10.11 |
DSM-5 SCI |
HAMD | NA | 45-Channel FOIRE-3000 (Shimadzu) | VFT | PF | – After the music treatment, average active oxy-Hb values of some channels were ↑ in both HC and MDD. – After music therapy, patients with MDD demonstrated substantial activation in the OFC, DLPFC, and VMPFC. |
| Hirano et al. 3,4 (50) | Japan | MDD: 30 (11/19) HC: 108 (45/63) |
MDD: 59.4 ± 14.2 HC: 58.9 ± 13 |
ICD-10 | MADRS QIDS-SR |
All on medication | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | VFT | PF, T | – MDD exhibited ↓ oxy-Hb values in the bilateral F cortex while doing VFT than HC. |
| Downey et al. 4 (51) | UK | MDD: 18 HC: 51 |
NA | NA | NA | NA | MiniNTS 4 detectors/24 sources (UCL) | VFT, N-back working memory tasks | PF | – MDD had ↓ bilateral PF cortex oxy-Hb responses to VFT unlike HC, and this was additionally ↓ after 4 ECT sessions. – On WM task, MDD showed PF cortex inhibition at baseline and a different time course of oxy– and deoxy-Hb following 4 ECT. |
| Rosenbaum et al. 3 (52) | Germany | MDD: 60 HC: 24 |
MDD: 40 ± 14.79 HC: 33 ± 11.45 |
DSM-IV (SCI) |
PHQ-9 MADRS |
32% of patients treated with antidepressant medication | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) |
7-min resting phase, VAS, rumination response scale | P | – MDD as compared to HC, showed ↓ functional connectivity in parts of the DMN. |
| Kondo et al. 3 (53) | Japan | MDD: 25 (17/8) HC: 25 (18/7) |
MDD: 36 ± 8.91 HC: 34.1 ± 10.1 |
DSM-IV-TR SCI |
HAMD | All medicated with antidepressants | 44-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | Image-recall task | F, T | – The oxy-Hb in HC was ↑ compared to MDD in bilateral F region. – The severity of depression was related to ↓ in oxy-Hb in left F lobe. |
| Zhu et al. 3 (54) | China | Affective disorder (AD): 28 (8/20) HC: 30 (21/9) |
AD: 23.32 ± 5.01 HC: 23.60 ± 2.03 |
DSM-IV | SDS | 13 patients were medicated. 15 free of any medicine |
42-Channel FOIRE-3000 (Shimadzu) |
Resting state measurements | F | – Relative to HC, AD demonstrated ↓ in intraregional and symmetrical interhemispheric connectivity in the PFC, revealed ↓ locally functional connectivity in the right IFG, and ↓ long-distance connectivity concerning the bilateral IFG. |
| Okada et al. 3 (55) | Japan | MDD: 36 (24/12) HC: 36 (21/12) |
MDD (male): 23.3 ± 2.5 MDD (female): 21.3 ± 1.1 HC (male): 23.9 ± 2.4 HC (female): 23.6 ± 2.1 |
DSM-III-R | HAMD | 13 patients received antidepressant medication. 23 were medication free for a minimum of 3 months |
Multichannel near-IR spectrophotometry (NIRS) | MDT | LT, RT brain | – Nearly half of patients revealed a “nondominant hemisphere response pattern” – The supposedly “nondominant” hemisphere may convert to being dominant during the depression |
| Uemura et al. 3 (56) | Japan | MDD: 13 (6/7) HC: 67 (28/39) |
MDD: 74.5 ± 5.8 HC: 73.8 ± 5.3 |
NA | GDS | All subjects were medicated. | 8-Channel FOIRE– 3000; (Shimadzu) | Trail-making test, part B (TMT-B; tablet version) | PF | – Oxy-Hb activation when performing the TMT-B was ↓ in MDD in both the right and left PF cortex. – ↓ PF activation in the elderly with depressive symptomology may cause deterioration in executive function. |
| Kinou et al.3 (57) | Japan | MDD: 32 (15/17) HC: 32 (15/17) |
MDD: 44.8 ± 9.8 HC: 45.7 ± 13.5 |
DSM-IV | H | All, except 3 patients | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | VFT | PF | – MDD revealed ↓ oxy-Hb activation during the task. |
| Yamagata et al.3 (58) | Japan | Early-onset depression (EOD): 11 (2/9) Late-onset (LOD): 12 (3/9) HC: 13 (8/5) |
EOD: 68.4 ± 5.6 LOD: 70.2 ± 1.9 HC: 70.3 ± 4.4 |
DSM-IV | HAMD | All patients were taking one prescribed antidepressant. |
52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) |
WFT | F, T | – HC demonstrated ↑ in oxy-Hb vs. surges in oxy-Hb being minimally ↓ in EOD and extremely ↓ in LOD, bilaterally throughout the F cortices and T areas. – Attenuated activation in the left lateral PF and T areas may help to differentiate LOD and EOD. |
| Noda et al.3 (59) | Japan | MDD: 30 (14/16) HC: 30 (14/16) |
MDD: 36.7 ± 11.6 HC: 35.1 ± 9.4 |
DSM-IV (SCI) |
GRID-HAMD | All patients medicated with antidepressants. |
52-Channels ETG-4000 (Hitachi) |
VFT | F. T | – Oxy-Hb increases while performing task was meaningfully ↓ in MDD. – ↓ Right F-T activation on NIRS during VFT is related to the MDD severity. |
| Nishizawa et al. (60) | Japan | MDD: 14 (7/7) HC: 20 (13/7) |
MDD: 38.2 ± 12.9 HC: 29.0 ± 5.7 |
DSM-IV-TR (SCID) | HAMD | All taking antidepressants except for four patients. | 22-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | Emotional Stroop task | F, T | – Hyperactivated oxy-Hb was witnessed in the left F cortex on contact to unfavorable stimuli, but no noteworthy dissimilarity was established between MDD and HC on exposure to favorable stimuli. |
| Akiyama et al. 3 (61) |
Japan | MDD: 177 (73/104) HC: 50 (40/10) |
MDD: 47.2 ± 15.1 HC: 32.7 ± 7.5 |
DSM-IV-TR | HAMD | All patients were on antidepressants | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | VFT | PF, T | – Significant hypoactivation in bilateral F-T regions was observed in MDD compared with HC. |
| Ohi et al.3 (62) | Japan | UNI: 26 (17/9) BP: 22 (13/9) HC: 51 (33/18) |
UNI: 41.1 ± 12.7 BP: 39.9 ± 12.5 HC: 35.7 ± 11.9 |
DSM-V | HAMD | Chlorpromazine equivalents of total antipsychotics | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) |
VFT | PF | – UNI and BP groups had ↓ PF activity than HC. – Patients with and without family history had ↓ PF activity than HC subjects. – Demonstrate connection of more serious PF dysfunction with higher genetic loading for disease. |
| Takei et al.3 (63) | Japan | UNI: 29 (14/15) BP: 31 (14/17) HC: 31 (11/20) |
UNI: 34.5 ± 9.0 BP: 34.9 ± 6.6 HC: 33.6 ± 10.0 |
DSM-IV | HAMD | Nearly all patients were on medication. |
52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) |
Conversation task and control task | F, T | – Both UNI and BP showed ↓ of continuous activation in the left DLPFC and left FPC, and decreased rapid change in bilateral FPC activation. – F activation while conversing ↓ in equally in UNI and BP. – Pathophysiological character of UNI and BP are reflected in continuous activation and rapid change change Impaired adaptive ability in UNI may be related to ↓ amount of rapid change in right FPC. |
| Pu et al.3 (64) | Japan | Late-onset depression (LOD): 24 (6/18) HC: 30 (14/16) |
LOD: 72.3 ± 5.5 HC: 72.0 ± 4.7 |
DSM-IV (MINI) |
BDI HAMD |
Antidepressant-naive | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) |
VFT | PF, T | – LOD had ↓ activation in both PF and superior T cortices than HC. – ↓ frontopolar cortical activation was linked with social functioning impairment in LOD. |
| Tsujii et al.3 (65) | Japan | MDD: Suicide attempters (SAs): 30 (8/22) Nonattempters (NAs): 38 (16/22) HC: 40 (15/25) |
MDD (SAs): 37.6 ± 10.0 MDD (NAs): 38.8 ± 9.7 HC: 38.2 ± 10.5 |
DSM-IV (MINI) |
HAMD | All on medication. | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | VFT | F, T | – MDD had significantly ↓ activation in the bilateral FT regions compared to HCs. – SAs demonstrated ↓ hemodynamic response in the left precentral gyrus than HCs and NAs. – Aggression and hopelessness were negatively associated with hemodynamic responses in the right middle F gyrus in SAs but not in HCs and NAs. |
| Pu et al.3 (66) | Japan | Late-onset depression (LOD): 36 (9/27) HC: 35 (11/24) |
LOD: 71.8 ± 5.1 HC: 70.9 ± 4.3 |
DSM-IV (MINI) |
BDI HAMD |
Antidepressant-naive | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) |
Working memory (WM) task | PF, T | – LOD was correlated with ↓ PF and T activation when comparing with HC. – Hemodynamic response in PF and T regions when performing WM task could correlate with social functioning in LOD. |
| Tsujii et al.3 (67) | Japan | MDD with melancholia (MDD-MF): 30 (15/15) MDD without -melancholia (MDD-NMF): 52 (18/34) HC: 68 (32/36) |
MDD-MF: 42.2 ± 11.8 MDD-NMF: 40.6 ± 11.7 HC: 40.5 ± 10.6 |
DSM-IV (MINI) | HAMD | All on medication | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) |
VFT | F, T | – Both MDD groups demonstrated ↓ hemodynamic responses in the F-T regions. |
| Liu et al.3 (68) | China | MDD: 30 (12/18) HC: 30 (16/14) |
MDD: 38.38 ± 12.8 HC: 33.2 ± 10.5 |
DSM-IV-TR | HAMD | Free of medication | 52-Channel FOIRE-3000 (Shimadzu) |
VFT | PF | – ↓ Activation in lateral and lower PFC in MDD. – Antero-medial PFC and bilateral PFC were correlated with the degree of depressive symptoms. – MDD patients with obsession–compulsion symptoms and anxiety exhibited a PFC ↓ activation state in NIRS. |
| Wang et al.3 (69) | China | First-episode MDD (fMDD): 36 (15/21) Recurrent MDD: 34 (11/23) HC: 37 (22/15) |
fMDD: 38.75 ± 13.86 Recurrent MDD: 43.26 ± 13.85 HC: 35.70 ± 11.39 |
DSM-IV | HAMD | All were on antidepressants | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | VFT | F, T | – In comparison with HC and fMDD, chronic MDD had significantly ↓ brain activation over right PF and superior T cortices. – Variation in activations in bilateral F and T regions. HC: more channels in left than right hemisphere; fMDD: more channels in right than left hemisphere; recurrent MDD: only channels in left hemisphere. |
| Tsujii et al.3 (70) | Japan | MDD with melancholia (MDD-MF): 32 (16/16) MDD without melancholia (MDD-NMF): 28 (15/13) HC: 24 (11/13) |
MDD-MF: 40.8 ± 15.3 MDD-NMF: 38.9 ± 11.8 HC: 38.6 ± 9.2 |
DSM-IV (MINI) | SIGH-D BDI-II |
All on medication | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) |
VFT | F, T | – Noteworthy disparities were witnessed in mean oxy-Hb fluctuations of MDD-MF in 25 channels and in those with MDD-NMF in 12 channels compared to HC. |
| Nishida et al.3 (71) | Japan | MDD: 14 (7/7) HC: 15 (8/7) |
MDD: 46.2 ± 11.9 HC: 45.5 ± 10.9 |
DSM-IV-TR (MINI) | HAMD | All on medication | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | VFT | PF, T | – MDD revealed a ↓ oxy-Hb activation than HC, predominantly in ventrolateral PF and T cortex regions. |
| Rosenbaum et al.3 (72) | Germany | Depressed: 49 Nondepressed: 51 2 participants diagnosed with bipolar disorder and eating disorder. |
Depressed: 64.08 ± 7.06 Nondepressed: 64.16 ± 6.14 |
NA | BDI GDS |
54% took medication. | 38-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) |
Adapted trail-making test (TMT-A, TMT-B, and TMT-C) | F, P | – Depressed and nondepressed revealed substantial differences in functional connectivity (FC) while doing the task performance and at rest. – During task performance, depressed patients exhibited ↓ FC in a left frontopolar cortical network, and ↑ FC in a left frontoparietal cortical network at the resting state and altered FC and network organization during different mental states. |
| Pu et al.3 (73) |
Japan | MDD: 67 (29/38) MDD with suicidal ideation: 31 (11/20) MDD without suicidal ideation: 36 (18/18) HC: 67 (29/38) |
MDD: 58.1 ± 16.0 MDD with suicidal ideation: 57.3 ± 15.7 MDD without suicidal ideation: 58.7 ± 16.5 HC: 58.1 ± 17.8 |
DSM-IV (MINI) |
HAMD | All on antidepressants | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) | VFT | PF, T | – Regional hemodynamic changes were considerably ↓ in MDD than in HCs in PF and T regions. |
| Pu et al.3 (74) |
Japan | MDD: 26 (11/15) HC: 30 (12/18) |
MDD: 47.9 ± 19.2 HC: 50.5 ± 19.7 |
DSM-IV-TR (MINI) |
BDI HAMD |
All on antidepressants | 52-Channel ETG-4000 (Hitachi) |
VFT | PF, T | – Regional hemodynamic changes were appreciably ↓ in MDD than in HC in PF and T regions, and was correlated positively with task-oriented coping (adaptive coping) in the bilateral ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the midline frontopolar and bilateral orbitofrontal cortex regions. |
3This article can also be found in the summary in Table 3.
4This article can also be found in the summary in Table 4.
MDD, major depressive disorder; HC, healthy control; BDI, Beck depression inventory; HAMD, Hamilton depression rating scale; UNI, unipolar depression; BP, bipolar disorder; VFT, verbal fluency task; PF, prefrontal; T, temporal, F, frontal; NA, not available; TOH, Tower of Hanoi; SBT, Sternberg's task; WRT, word repetition task; MINI, Mini-international neuropsychiatric interview; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual; ICD, International Classification of Disease; SCID, structured clinical interview for DSM-IV; SIMS, structured inventory of malingered symptomatology; WMT, working memory task; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; MDT, mirror drawing task; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; PFC, prefrontal cortex; SIGH-D, structured interview guide for the Hamilton depression rating scale.