TABLE 2.

Baseline characteristics and outcome in CAP patients with high and low TNF-α production capacity of blood leukocytes.

	Low TNF-α producers	High TNF-α producers	P-value
Patients, n	20	20
Demographics
Age, year, mean (SD)	73.6 (10.9)	67.8 (15.6)	0.19
Sex, male, n (%)	9 (45.0)	9 (45.0)	>0.99
Ethnicity, Caucasian, n (%)	15 (75.0)	17 (85.0)	0.541
Body Mass Index, mean (SD)	25.61 (5.75)	27.33 (7.85)	0.47
Chronic comorbidity, n (%)
COPD	10 (50.0)	4 (20.0)	0.07
Cardiovascular disease	13 (65.0)	16 (80.0)	0.65
Diabetes	5 (25.0)	4 (20.0)	0.71
Malignancy* (%)	5 (25.0)	5 (25.0)	>0.99
Neurological disease (%)	2 (10.0)	1 (5.0)	0.96
Gastrointestinal disease (%)	4 (20.0)	2 (10.0)	0.61
Chronic renal disease	2 (10.0)	2 (10.0)	>0.99
Severity of disease on admission
Duration of symptoms prior to admission, days, median [IQR]	4.0 [3.0, 6.0]	2.0 [1.0, 5.0]	0.08
SIRS, median [IQR]	2.0 [2.0, 3.0]	2.5 [1.0, 3.0]	0.92
PSI, median [IQR]	4.0 [4.0, 5.0]	3.0 [2.0, 4.0]	0.02
qSOFA, median [IQR]	0.0 [0.0, 1.0]	0.0 [0.0, 1.0]	0.49
SOFA, median [IQR]	0.0 [0.0, 1.0]	0.0 [0.0, 1.0]	0.79
Sepsis, n (%)	5 (25.0)	4 (21.1)	1.00
Outcome
ICU admission, n (%)	4 (20.0)	1 (5.0)	0.31
Length of hospital stay, days, median [IQR]	5.0 [3.0, 11.0]	4.0 [2.0, 7.0]	0.48
Time to clinical stability†, days, median [IQR]	4.0 [2.0, 8.0]	4.0 [2.0, 6.0]	0.35
Mortality, n (%)
Hospital	1 (5.0)	0 (0.0)	0.79
28 days	2 (10.0)	0 (0.0)	0.47

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; PSI, pneumonia severity index; (q)SOFA, (quick) sequential organ failure assessment; SD, standard deviation of the mean. ^∗Solid malignancy only, not on active chemotherapy. ^†Calculated according to the modified Halm’s criteria for clinical stability (16).