Table 1.
Trend of neonatal and infant mortality between countries with and without FMHCP and description of the study participants: 2007/2008–2013/2014
| Total % | Intervention: FMHCP implementation | Rao–Scot χ2 | ||
| No FMHCP %* | FMHCP %* | |||
| All-cause mortality in 5 years preceding the survey (95% CI) | 9.2 (8.9–9.5) | 9.8 (9.5–10.1) | 6.2 (5.9–6.6) | 159.60*** |
| All-cause neonatal deaths in 5 years preceding the survey (95% CI) | 3.5 (3.3–3.6) | 3.1 (2.9–3.3) | 0.4 (0.3–0.4) | 76.70*** |
| All-cause infant deaths in 5 years preceding the survey (95% CI) | 6.7 (6.5–7.0) | 7.3 (7.1–7.6) | 4.0 (3.6–4.3) | 168.40*** |
| Sex of household head | 114.03*** | |||
| Male | 97 430 (88.4) | 70 247 (83.4) | 27 183 (16.6) | |
| Female | 13 318 (11.6) | 9740 (74.3) | 3578 (25.7) | |
| Wealth quintile | 2.00 | |||
| Poorest | 26 597 (23.3) | 19 264 (82.9) | 7333 (17.1) | |
| Poorer | 25 526 (22.7) | 18 862 (83.3) | 6664 (16.7) | |
| Middle | 22 913 (19.4) | 16 412 (81.4) | 6501 (18.6) | |
| Richer | 20 303 (18.2) | 14 198 (80.7) | 6105 (19.3) | |
| Richest | 15 409 (16.5) | 11 251 (82.9) | 4158 (17.1) | |
| Household size | 20.26*** | |||
| 1–4 | 26 784 (25.8) | 19 215 (79.8) | 7569 (20.2) | |
| 5–7 | 45 709 (41.5) | 33 951 (82.9) | 11 758 (17.1) | |
| 8+ | 38 255 (32.8) | 26 821 (83.5) | 11 434 (16.5) | |
| Access to improved water | 121.32*** | |||
| Improved | 89 000 (80.4) | 61 284 (80.1) | 28 049 (19.9) | |
| Unimproved | 21 000 (19.6) | 18 676 (91.4) | 2711 (8.6) | |
| Missing | 28 (0.01) | 27 (98.4) | 1 (1.6) | |
| Access to an improved toilet facility | 195.72*** | |||
| Improved, not shared | 26 000 (27.0) | 22 493 (91.7) | 3817 (8.3) | |
| Improved, shared | 21 000 (22.5) | 13 047 (71.0) | 7762 (29.0) | |
| Unimproved | 63 000 (50.1) | 44 120 (82.4) | 19 095 (17.6) | |
| Missing | 414 (0.4) | 327 (81.2) | 87 (18.8) | |
| Place of residence | 0.61 | |||
| Urban | 32 627 (32.2) | 25 035 (82.9) | 7592 (17.1) | |
| Rural | 78 121 (67.8) | 54 952 (82.0) | 23 169 (18.0) | |
| Household ownership of bednet | 1013.52*** | |||
| No bednet | 43 000 (46.4) | 36 880 (92.4) | 6015 (7.6) | |
| Bednet | 68 000 (53.6) | 43 062 (73.6) | 24 746 (26.5) | |
| Missing | 45 (0.06) | 45 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Mothers’ current age | 11.10*** | |||
| <18 years | 3558 (3.3) | 2803 (86.5) | 755 (13.5) | |
| 18–34 years | 80 000 (71.5) | 58 000 (82.3) | 22 000 (17.7) | |
| 35+ | 27 000 (25.2) | 20 000 (81.8) | 7727 (18.2) | |
| Mothers’ education | 44.98*** | |||
| None | 53 000 (46.5) | 32 000 (79.4) | 21 000 (20.6) | |
| Primary | 29 000 (23.2) | 24 000 (86.6) | 4475 (13.4) | |
| JHS | 25 000 (25.5) | 20 000 (81.7) | 4686 (18.3) | |
| Secondary or higher | 4241 (4.8) | 3882 (92.4) | 359 (7.6) | |
| Missing | 16 (0.01) | 11 (64.6) | 5 (35.4) | |
| Birth order | 271.39*** | |||
| 1st birth | 24 000 (21.1) | 16 000 (75.8) | 8167 (24.2) | |
| 2nd birth | 21 000 (18.9) | 14 000 (76.1) | 7351 (23.9) | |
| 3rd birth | 17 000 (15.2) | 12 000 (83.1) | 4386 (16.9) | |
| 4th birth | 49 000 (44.8) | 38 000 (87.7) | 11 000 (12.3) | |
| Multiple births | 10.19** | |||
| Single | 110 000 (96.4) | 77 000 (82.4) | 30 000 (17.6) | |
| Multiple | 3994 (3.6) | 2750 (79.1) | 1244 (20.9) | |
| Child mortality estimate per country | ||||
| Country | Year of survey | NMR per 1000 live births | IMR per 1000 live births | Cumulative incidence rate per 1000 person-years at risk |
| Burkina Faso | 2003 | 31 | 81 | 67.9 (61.9–74.6) |
| 2010 | 28 | 65 | 44.3 (40.5–48.5) |
|
| 2014 | 27.3 | 61.4 | 23.9 (21.5–26.7) |
|
| Ghana | 2003 | 43 | 64 | 30.0 (24.2–37.7) |
| 2008 | 30 | 50 | 28.5 (22.5–36.8) |
|
| 2014 | 29 | 41 | 15.1 (11.9–19.4) |
|
| Nigeria | 2003 | 48 | 100 | 63.2 (55.6–72.1) |
| 2008 | 40 | 75 | 50.6 (47.7–53.7) |
|
| 2013 | 37 | 69 | 36.8 (34.3–39.6) |
|
| Zambia | 2001–2002 | 37 | 95 | 70.5 (63.8–78.2) |
| 2007 | 34 | 70 | 44.7 (39.1–51.4) |
|
| 2014 | 24 | 45 | 26.5 (23.2–30.5) |
|
P value notation: ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05.
Access to improved toilet facilities had a missing observation of 0.4%.
*% represents row percentages.
FMHCP, free maternal healthcare policy; IMR, infant mortality rate; NMR, neonatal mortality rate.