Table 2.
Test of parallel trends assumption: risk of neonatal and infant mortality prior to free maternal healthcare policy implementation (2001–2008): modified Poisson model with robust SE on the unmatched sample
| Covariates | Neonatal mortality: 2000–2008 | Infant mortality: 2000–2008 | ||
| uRR (95% CI) | aRR (95% CI) | uRR (95% CI) | aRR (95% CI) | |
| Time baseline: 2008 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| End-line: 2014 | 0.86* (0.75 to 0.99) | 0.88 (0.75 to 1.02) | 0.83*** (0.76 to 0.91) | 0.84** (0.76 to 0.94) |
| Intervention | ||||
| No FMHCP | ref | ref | ref | |
| FMHCP-assumed it exited | 0.85 (0.72 to 1.01) | 0.89 (0.71 to 1.11) | 0.94 (0.84 to 1.05) | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.07) |
| Time*FMHCP | 0.92 (0.74 to 1.15) | 0.91 (0.71 to 1.16) | 0.93 (0.81 to 1.08) | 0.91 (0.78 to 1.08) |
| Sex of household head | ||||
| Male | ref | ref | ||
| Female | 0.90 (0.73 to 1.11) | 0.89 (0.76 to 1.03) | ||
| Mothers’ current age | ||||
| <18 years | ref | ref | ||
| 18–34 years | 0.90 (0.78 to 1.03) | 0.91 (0.82 to 1.00) | ||
| 35+ | 2.33* (1.02 to 5.30) | 2.40* (1.10 to 5.26) | ||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | ref | ref | ||
| Rural | 1.35*** (1.14 to 1.60) | 1.29*** (1.14 to 1.45) | ||
| Household size | ||||
| 1–4 | ref | ref | ||
| 5–7 | 0.48*** (0.40 to 0.57) | 0.49*** (0.43 to 0.55) | ||
| 8+ | 0.43*** (0.35 to 0.52) | 0.43*** (0.37 to 0.49) | ||
| Access to improved water | ||||
| Improved | ref | ref | ||
| Unimproved | 1.08 (0.92 to 1.27) | 1.13* (1.01 to 1.26) | ||
| Access to an improved toilet facility | ||||
| Improved, not shared | ref | ref | ||
| Improved, shared | 0.81* (0.66 to 0.98) | 0.76*** (0.66 to 0.87) | ||
| Unimproved | 0.85 (0.72 to 1.01) | 0.86* (0.77 to 0.97) | ||
| Mothers’ education | ||||
| None | ref | ref | ||
| Primary | 1.01 (0.84 to 1.2) | 0.94 (0.83 to 1.06) | ||
| JHS | 0.84 (0.69 to 1.02) | 0.73*** (0.63 to 0.83) | ||
| Secondary or higher | 0.93 (0.59 to 1.44) | 0.55** (0.39 to 0.78) | ||
| Birth order | ||||
| 1st birth | ref | ref | ||
| 2nd birth | 0.70** (0.57 to 0.86) | 0.83* (0.71 to 0.98) | ||
| 3rd birth | 0.71** (0.55 to 0.9) | 0.99 (0.84 to 1.17) | ||
| 4th birth | 1.03 (0.84 to 1.26) | 1.20* (1.04 to 1.39) | ||
| Multiple births | ||||
| Single | ref | ref | ||
| Multiple | 5.31*** (4.26 to 6.62) | 3.70*** (3.11 to 4.40) | ||
| Household ownership of bednet | ||||
| No bednet | ref | ref | ||
| Bednet | 0.91 (0.78 to 1.05) | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.05) | ||
| Country fixed effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
P value notations: ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05.
With respect to Burkina Faso, 2010 demographic health survey data were used since they did not conduct any survey in 2008.
aRR, adjusted relative risk; FMHCP, free maternal healthcare policy; JHS, junior high school; uRR, unadjusted relative risk.