FIG. 2.

Oxidative stress formation and consequences in the diabetic heart. Increase in NADH oxidation, mitochondrial leakage leading to increased O₂ and XO production, and eNOS uncoupling promote the formation of ROS and via iNOS, RNS. ROS and RNS are responsible for cellular damage through direct DNA damage, protein glycation, nitration, and peroxidation. eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; XO, xanthine oxidase.