Table 1.
Baseline Patient Characteristics by HIV Disclosure Status and Patterns of HIV Disclosure at the Four US HIV Clinics Enrolled in the iENGAGE Study During 2013–2016 (n = 371)
| Variables | Overall, n = 371 | HIV disclosure, n = 370 |
Disclosure patterns, n = 369 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes, n = 290 | No, n = 80 | Nondisclosure, n = 80 | Selective disclosure, n = 56 | Broad disclosure, n = 233 | ||
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||||
| Age, years | 37.1 ± 12 | 36.8 ± 12 | 38.4 ± 12.1 | 38.4 ± 12.1 | 37.2 ± 13 | 36.6 ± 11.7 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 294 (79.3) | 227 (78.3) | 66 (82.5) | 66 (82.5) | 39 (69.6) | 188 (80.7) |
| Female | 71 (19.1) | 57 (19.7) | 14 (17.5) | 14 (17.5) | 15 (26.8) | 41 (17.6) |
| Transgender | 6 (1.6) | 6 (2.1) | 0 | 0 | 2 (3.6) | 4 (1.7) |
| Race | ||||||
| Black | 231 (62.3) | 163 (56.2) | 67 (83.8) | 67 (83.8) | 41 (73.2) | 121 (52.9) |
| White | 109 (29.4) | 98 (33.8) | 11 (13.8) | 11 (13.8) | 10 (17.9) | 88 (37.8) |
| Other | 31 (8.4) | 29 (10.0) | 2 (2.5) | 2 (2.5) | 5 (8.9) | 24 (10.3) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Hispanic | 20 (5.4) | 19 (6.6) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.3) | 3 (5.4) | 16 (6.9) |
| Non-Hispanic | 351 (94.6) | 271 (93.5) | 79 (98.8) | 79 (98.8) | 53 (94.6) | 217 (92.1) |
| Insurance | ||||||
| None | 87 (23.6) | 71 (24.7) | 15 (19) | 15 (19) | 13 (23.2) | 58 (25.1) |
| Private | 107 (29.1) | 87 (30.2) | 20 (25.3) | 20 (25.3) | 19 (33.9) | 68 (29.4) |
| Public | 174 (47.3) | 130 (45.1) | 44 (55.7) | 44 (55.7) | 24 (42.9) | 105 (45.5) |
| ART | ||||||
| Yes | 114 (30.7) | 88 (30.3) | 25 (31.3) | 25 (31.3) | 18 (32.1) | 70 (30) |
| No | 257 (69.3) | 202 (69.7) | 55 (68.8) | 55 (68.8) | 38 (67.9) | 163 (70) |
| Baseline CD4 count, cells/mL of blood | ||||||
| <200 | 85 (24.3) | 65 (24.4) | 20 (26.7) | 20 (26.7) | 10 (18.9) | 55 (25.9) |
| 200–300 | 83 (24.9) | 60 (22.6) | 23 (30.7) | 23 (30.7) | 11 (20.8) | 49 (23.1) |
| ≥350 | 174 (50.9) | 141 (53.0) | 32 (42.7) | 32 (42.7) | 32 (60.4) | 108 (50.9) |
| Baseline VL value, copies/mL of blood | ||||||
| <200 | 16 (4.3) | 15 (5.2) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (3.6) | 13 (5.6) |
| ≥200 | 348 (93.8) | 269 (92.8) | 78 (97.5) | 78 (97.5) | 53 (94.6) | 215 (92.3) |
| Missing | 7 (1.9) | 6 (2.1) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.8) | 5 (2.2) |
| Psychosocial factors | ||||||
| Depression | ||||||
| No | 241 (69.3) | 189 (70.3) | 51 (65.4) | 51 (65.4) | 35 (66) | 154 (71.3) |
| Yes | 107 (30.8) | 80 (29.7) | 27 (34.6) | 27 (34.6) | 18 (34) | 62 (28.7) |
| Anxiety | ||||||
| Yes | 113 (31.4) | 94 (33.2) | 19 (25) | 19 (25) | 15 (27.3) | 78 (34.4) |
| No | 247 (68.6) | 189 (66.8) | 57 (75) | 57 (75) | 40 (72.7) | 149 (65.6) |
| Social support score | 57 ± 29.1 | 59.4 ± 29.3 | 48.5 ± 26.9 | 48.5 ± 26.9 | 54.8 ± 27.6 | 60.5 ± 29.6 |
| Quality of life | ||||||
| No mobility | 317 (85.9) | 250 (86.5) | 66 (83.5) | 66 (83.5) | 45 (80.4) | 205 (88.4) |
| No self-care | 358 (97.3) | 280 (97.2) | 77 (97.5) | 77 (97.5) | 54 (98.2) | 225 (97) |
| No usual activities | 300 (81.1) | 236 (81.7) | 63 (78.8) | 63 (78.8) | 47 (83.9) | 188 (81) |
| No pain | 209 (57) | 165 (57.7) | 43 (53.8) | 43 (53.8) | 30 (54.6) | 135 (58.7) |
| No depression/anxiety | 163 (44.7) | 129 (44.8) | 35 (43.8) | 35 (43.8) | 27 (49.1) | 101 (43.5) |
| Stigma | ||||||
| Enacted stigma | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.7 |
| Disclosure concerns | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.6 |
| Internalized stigma | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.7 |
| Public stigma | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 0.7 |
| Anticipated stigma | ||||||
| Family | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 2.6 ± 1.4 |
| Friends | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 2.6 ± 1.2 |
| Health care provider | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 0.9 |
| Coping behavior | ||||||
| Active coping | 6.7 ± 1.7 | 6.9 ± 1.6 | 6 ± 2.2 | 6 ± 2.2 | 7 ± 1.3 | 6.8 ± 1.6 |
| Denial | 3.6 ± 1.9 | 3.5 ± 1.9 | 3.7 ± 1.9 | 3.7 ± 1.9 | 4 ± 1.9 | 3.4 ± 1.9 |
| Substance use | 3.1 ± 1.8 | 3.2 ± 19 | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 3.0 ± 2.0 | 3.2 ± 1.8 |
| Emotional support | 5.2 ± 2.2 | 5.6 ± 2.0 | 3.6 ± 1.9 | 3.6 ± 1.9 | 4.7 ± 2.1 | 5.8 ± 2 |
| Behavioral disengagement | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 2.5 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 1.3 |
| Positive reframing | 5.7 ± 2 | 5.8 ± 1.9 | 5.3 ± 2.0 | 5.3 ± 2.0 | 5.5 ± 2.0 | 5.9 ± 1.9 |
| Acceptance | 6.8 ± 1.5 | 6.9 ± 1.4 | 6.5 ± 1.8 | 6.5 ± 1.8 | 6.5 ± 1.7 | 7 ± 1.4 |
| Religion | 5.5 ± 2.2 | 5.5 ± 2.2 | 5.3 ± 2.3 | 5.3 ± 2.3 | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 5.3 ± 2.2 |
| Self-blame | 4.7 ± 2.1 | 4.7 ± 2.1 | 4.7 ± 2.2 | 4.7 ± 2.2 | 4.6 ± 2.2 | 4.7 ± 2.1 |
| HIV treatment self-efficacy | 9 ± 1.5 | 9 ± 1.5 | 9 ± 1.3 | 9 ± 1.3 | 8.9 ± 1.8 | 9 ± 1.4 |
| Supportive services needed in last 6 months | ||||||
| Financial assistancea | 179 (49.2) | 137 (48.2) | 42 (52.5) | 42 (52.5) | 22 (40) | 114 (50) |
| Household expenditureb | 194 (52.9) | 145 (50.5) | 49 (61.3) | 49 (61.3) | 22 (40.7) | 122 (52.6) |
| Substance use treatment or counseling | 125 (34) | 109 (37.9) | 16 (20) | 16 (20) | 11 (19.6) | 98 (42.3) |
| Sexual risk factors | ||||||
| Transmission risk | ||||||
| MSM | 219 (60) | 175 (61.4) | 43 (54.4) | 43 (54.4) | 35 (62.5) | 218 (60.1) |
| Heterosexual | 117 (32.1) | 87 (30.5) | 30 (38) | 30 (38) | 20 (35.7) | 66 (29) |
| IDU | 29 (8) | 23 (8.1) | 6 (7.6) | 6 (7.6) | 1 (1.8) | 22 (9.7) |
| Sex partners | ||||||
| 0 | 76 (20.5) | 59 (20.3) | 17 (21.25) | 17 (21.3) | 11 (19.6) | 48 (20.6) |
| 1 | 100 (27) | 74 (25.5) | 26 (32.50) | 26 (32.5) | 19 (33.9) | 55 (23.6) |
| 2 | 55 (14.8) | 38 (13.1) | 17 (21.25) | 17 (21.3) | 5 (8.9) | 32 (13.7) |
| 3 | 38 (10.2) | 31 (10.7) | 7 (8.75) | 7 (8.8) | 9 (16.1) | 22 (9.4) |
| 4–5 | 40 (10.8) | 33 (11.4) | 6 (7.50) | 6 (7.5) | 8 (14.3) | 25 (10.7) |
| ≥6 | 62 (16.8) | 55 (19) | 7 (8.75) | 7 (8.8) | 4 (7.1) | 51 (21.9) |
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| No risk | 191 (52.3) | 143 (50.2) | 48 (61.5) | 48 (61.5) | 33 (60) | 110 (48) |
| Low risk | 46 (12.6) | 35 (12.3) | 11 (14.10) | 11 (14.1) | 7 (12.7) | 28 (12.2) |
| High risk | 127 (34.9) | 107 (37.5) | 19 (24.4) | 19 (24.4) | 15 (27.3) | 91 (39.7) |
| Substance use | ||||||
| Never | 198 (55.8) | 148 (53.2) | 50 (65.8) | 50 (65.8) | 38 (69.1) | 110 (49.3) |
| Prior | 93 (26.2) | 83 (29.9) | 10 (13.2) | 10 (13.2) | 10 (18.2) | 73 (32.7) |
| Current | 64 (18) | 47 (16.9) | 16 (21.1) | 16 (21.1) | 7 (12.7) | 40 (17.9) |
| Other factors | ||||||
| Site | ||||||
| UAB | 153 (41.2) | 111 (38.3) | 42 (52.5) | 42 (52.5) | 21 (37.5) | 90 (38.6) |
| UNC | 76 (20.5) | 62 (21.4) | 13 (16.3) | 13 (16.3) | 13 (23.2) | 49 (21) |
| JHU | 78 (21) | 63 (21.7) | 15 (18.8) | 15 (18.8) | 17 (30.4) | 45 (19.3) |
| UW | 64 (17.3) | 54 (18.6) | 10 (12.5) | 10 (12.5) | 5 (8.9) | 49 (21) |
| Study arm | ||||||
| Control | 186 (50.1) | 146 (50.3) | 40 (50) | 40 (50) | 28 (50) | 118 (50.6) |
| Intervention | 185 (49.9) | 144 (49.7) | 40 (50) | 40 (50) | 28 (50) | 115 (49.4) |
Numbers in the table represent n (%) for categorical variables and mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables.
a
Financial assistance category includes financial, employment, benefits assistance.
b
Household expenditure category includes housing, transportation, food, groceries, meals, and childcare.
ART, antiretroviral therapy; IDU, injection drug users; iENGAGE, integrating ENGagement and Adherence Goals upon Entry; JHU, Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore; MSM, men who have sex with men; UAB, University of Alabama at Birmingham; UNC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; UW, University of Washington at Seattle; VL value, viral load value.