Table 2.
Unadjusted Logistic and Multinomial Logistic Regression Models for HIV Disclosure Status and Patterns of HIV Disclosure at the Four US HIV Clinics Enrolled in the iENGAGE Study During 2013–2016
| Variables | HIV disclosure (n = 370) |
HIV disclosure patterns (n = 369) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes, OR (95% CI) | Selective disclosure, OR (95% CI) | Broad disclosure, OR (95% CI) | |
| Sociodemographic factors | |||
| Age, years, 10 unit change | 0.90 (0.73–1.10) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 0.76 (0.40–1.45) | 0.49 (0.22–1.10) | 0.89 (0.46–1.72) |
| Female/transgender | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Race | |||
| Black | 0.28 (0.14–0.54) | 0.67 (0.26–1.72) | 0.23 (0.11–0.45) |
| Other | 1.63 (0.34–7.77) | 2.75 (0.43–17.49) | 1.5 (0.31–7.23) |
| White | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic | 5.54 (0.73–42.02) | 4.47 (0.45–44.14) | 5.83 (0.76–44.64) |
| Non-Hispanic | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Insurance | |||
| None | 1.09 (0.52–2.28) | 0.91 (0.35–2.41) | 1.14 (0.53–2.42) |
| Public | 0.68 (0.38–1.23) | 0.57 (0.26–1.28) | 0.70 (0.38–1.29) |
| Private | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| ART | |||
| Yes | 0.96 (0.56–1.64) | 1.04 (0.50–2.17) | 0.95 (0.55–1.64) |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Baseline CD4 count, cells/mL of blood | |||
| 200–350 | 0.80 (0.40–1.60) | 0.96 (0.34–2.72) | 0.78 (0.38–1.58) |
| ≥350 | 1.36 (0.72–2.55) | 2.00 (0.81–4.93) | 1.23 (0.64–2.34) |
| <200 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Baseline VL value, copies/mL of blood | |||
| ≥200 | 0.23 (0.03–1.77) | 0.34 (0.03–3.84) | 0.21 (0.03–1.65) |
| Missing | 0.40 (0.02–7.48) | 0.50 (0.01–19.56) | 0.39 (0.02–7.40) |
| <200 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Psychosocial factors | |||
| Depression | |||
| Yes | 0.80 (0.47–1.37) | 0.97 (0.47–2.03) | 0.76 (0.44–1.32) |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Anxiety | |||
| Yes | 1.49 (0.84–2.65) | 1.13 (0.51–2.48) | 1.57 (0.87–2.8) |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Social support score | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) |
| Quality of life | |||
| No mobility | 1.26 (0.64–2.51) | 0.81 (0.33–1.96) | 1.50 (0.73–3.07) |
| No self-care | 0.91 (0.19–4.37) | 1.40 (0.12–15.81) | 0.84 (0.17–4.11) |
| No usual activities | 1.20 (0.65–2.22) | 1.41 (0.58–3.44) | 1.15 (0.62–2.16) |
| No pain | 1.17 (0.71–1.93) | 1.03 (0.52–2.06) | 1.22 (0.73–2.04) |
| No depression/anxiety | 1.04 (0.63–1.72) | 1.24 (0.62–2.47) | 0.99 (0.59–1.66) |
| Stigma | |||
| Enacted stigma | 0.81 (0.56–1.17) | 1.23 (0.74–2.05) | 0.74 (0.50–1.08) |
| Disclosure concerns | 0.68 (0.44–1.07) | 1.52 (0.79–2.94) | 0.57 (0.36–0.92) |
| Internalized stigma | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) | 1.33 (0.82–2.16) | 0.73 (0.51–1.05) |
| Public stigma | 0.85 (0.58–1.23) | 1.36 (0.80–2.33) | 0.75 (0.51–1.11) |
| Anticipated stigma | |||
| Family | 0.92 (0.76–1.10) | 1.01 (0.79–1.31) | 0.89 (0.74–1.08) |
| Friends | 0.79 (0.65–0.97) | 0.98 (0.74–1.30) | 0.76 (0.62–0.93) |
| Health care provider | 1.10 (0.83–1.45) | 1.29 (0.90–1.84) | 1.05 (0.79–1.39) |
| Coping | |||
| Active coping | 1.29 (1.11–1.49) | 1.35 (1.07–1.70) | 1.27 (1.10–1.48) |
| Denial | 0.97 (0.84–1.11) | 1.09 (0.90–1.31) | 0.94 (0.81–1.08) |
| Substance use | 1.10 (0.95–1.29) | 1.06 (0.86–1.30) | 1.12 (0.95–1.32) |
| Emotional support | 1.62 (1.40–1.88) | 1.33 (1.10–1.61) | 1.71 (1.47–2.00) |
| Behavioral disengagement | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | 0.96 (0.69–1.34) | 1.12 (0.89–1.40) |
| Positive reframing | 1.17 (1.02–1.33) | 1.06 (0.88–1.28) | 1.19 (1.04–1.36) |
| Acceptance | 1.19 (1.02–1.39) | 1.01 (0.82–1.26) | 1.25 (1.06–1.47) |
| Religion | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) |
| Self-blame | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) | 0.98 (0.83–1.15) | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) |
| HIV treatment self-efficacy | 0.99 (0.84–1.18) | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) | 1.01 (0.85–1.21) |
| Supportive service needs in last 6 months | |||
| Financial assistancea | 1.03 (0.68–1.56) | 0.60 (0.30–1.21) | 0.91 (0.54–1.51) |
| Household expenditureb | 0.65 (0.39–1.07) | 0.44 (0.22–0.88) | 0.70 (0.42–1.18) |
| Substance use treatment or counseling | 2.44 (1.34–4.43) | 0.98 (0.42–2.30) | 2.93 (1.60–5.37) |
| Sexual risk factors | |||
| Transmission risk | |||
| MSM | 1.40 (0.82–2.39) | 1.22 (0.59–2.51) | 1.48 (0.85–2.57) |
| IDU | 1.32 (0.49–3.56) | 0.25 (0.03–2.24) | 1.67 (0.61–4.53) |
| Heterosexual | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Sex partners | |||
| 1 | 0.82 (0.41–1.65) | 1.13 (0.43–2.96) | `0.75 (0.36–1.55) |
| 2 | 0.64 (0.29–1.41) | 0.46 (0.13–1.59) | 0.67 (0.30–1.50) |
| 3 | 1.28 (0.48–3.41) | 1.99 (0.57–6.90) | 1.11 (0.40–3.07) |
| 4–5 | 1.59 (0.57–4.41) | 2.06 (0.56–7.58) | 1.48 (0.52–4.21) |
| ≥6 | 2.26 (0.87–5.88) | 0.88 (0.21–3.74) | 2.58 (0.98–6.77) |
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Alcohol use | |||
| Low risk | 1.07 (0.50–2.27) | 0.93 (0.33–2.64) | 1.11 (0.51–2.41) |
| High risk | 1.89 (1.05–3.40) | 1.15 (0.51–2.58) | 2.09 (1.15–3.81) |
| No risk | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Substance use | |||
| Prior | 2.80 (1.35–5.82) | 1.32 (0.50–3.48) | 3.31 (1.58–6.96) |
| Current | 0.99 (0.52–1.90) | 0.58 (0.22–1.54) | 1.14 (0.58–2.22) |
| Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Other factors | |||
| Site | |||
| UAB | 0.49 (0.23–1.05) | 1.00 (0.30–3.30) | 0.44 (0.20–0.95) |
| UNC | 0.88 (0.36–2.18) | 2.00 (0.53–7.49) | 0.77 (0.31–1.92) |
| JHU | 0.78 (0.32–1.87) | 2.27 (0.63–8.14) | 0.61 (0.25–1.50) |
| UW | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Study arm | |||
| Intervention | 0.99 (0.60–1.62) | 1.0 (0.51–1.98) | 0.98 (0.59–1.62) |
| Control | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
a
Financial assistance category includes financial, employment, benefits assistance.
b
Household expenditure category includes housing, transportation, food, groceries, meals, and childcare.
ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; IDU, injection drug users; iENGAGE, integrating ENGagement and Adherence Goals upon Entry; JHU, Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore; MSM, men who have sex with men; OR, odds ratio; UAB, University of Alabama at Birmingham; UNC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; UW, University of Washington at Seattle; VL value, viral load value.