Table 2.

Included Internet intervention studies

First author, year	Study design & duration	Sample characteristics	Vulnerable/disadvantaged classification	Intervention characteristics	Intervention tailoring	Control group	Glycemic control
Carter, 2011 [66]	Two-arm randomized controlled trial 9 months.	47 patients with T2D (n = 26 intervention, n = 21 control) from a primary care practice in Washington, DC. Mean age 51 years, 64% female, with baseline Alc 8.9%.	100% African American	Home visit by study staff to provide laptops with webcam and broadband wireless card and provide a tutorial on how to use the portal, followed by bi-weekly self-management teleconferencing with a nurse, and access to a health education module and a social networking module where participants could interact with one another. Intervention participants also received a wireless scale, a blood pressure cuff, and a glucometer to measure weight, blood pressure, and glucose throughout the study period.	Each participant had a “culturally competent action plan based on the treatment plan provided by the patient’s healthcare provider.” The nurse tailored each interactive session to the patient’s individual needs and preferences.	Usual care	Participants in the intervention group were 4.6 times more likely to achieve Ale < 7.0% than those in the control group (p < .05).
Egede, 2017 [67]	Two-arm randomized control trial 6 months.	113 patients with T2D (n = 54 intervention, n = 59 control) from SC, USA. Mean age 54 years, 81% female, with baseline Ale 10.1%.	Recruited from federally qualified health centers 75% African American	Technology-assisted Case Management intervention group used a telehealth system to link a case manager to patients in real time. Patients provided daily measurements on blood glucose and blood pressure using the telehealth system, which were reviewed by the nurse case manager who made weekly medication adjustments accordingly.	None.	Usual care.	Between-group difference in Ale was 0.99% (p = 0.02) at 6 months. The rate of decline in levels of Alc over time was significantly faster for intervention participants compared to the control group (−0.16, p = 0.04).
Heisler, 2014 [68]	Two-arm randomized controlled trial 2 h. (3-month follow-up assessment)	188 patients with T2D (n = 93 iDecide intervention, n = 95 print intervention) from community health centers in Detroit, MI, USA. Mean age 52 years, 71% female, with baseline Alc 8.3%.	57% Latino & 52% Spanish-speaking, 37% African American 60% < 15 K incomes	iDecide is an individually tailored, Web-based, tablet computer-delivered tool supporting diabetes medication decision making designed for community health workers (CHW) to deliver on tablet computers via 3G wireless access.	Presentation of materials is targeted to patients with low literacy. An assessment helps participants identify personally salient concerns, which they then explore. Personal information from the baseline assessment (e.g., Ale, current medications, personal values, social support, adherence, reported barriers) is used to tailor intervention content throughout.	Control group received the same information as the intervention group, delivered by a CHW with non-tailored, paper-based materials.	Ale decreased in the intervention group by 0.40% (p = .001). Ale decreased in the control group by 0.30% (p = .01) at 3-month follow-up. No between-group differences.
Mcllhenny, 2011 [69]	Pre-post quasi-experimental design 6 months.	98 patients with T2D («=48 MyHERO portal intervention, n= 50 print intervention) from rural health clinics in PA USA. Mean age 64 years, 51% female, with baseline Ale 7.3%.	100% rural	MyHERO is a web portal designed to provide reliable, evidence-based health information. Patients at the intervention site received one-on-one healthcare education ~ every 6 weeks and training in how to use the MyHERO portal from a nurse educator.	Patient education selected based on nursing assessment and patient request. Patients could attend education sessions in-person or via phone.	Control group received access to MyHERO, traditional instructions by their provider, and an instructional handout with step-by-step instructions and screenshots to access MyHERO.	No changes in Ale.
Ryan, 2013 [70]	Non-experimental pre-post design 13 months.	21 patients with T2D from an urban community clinic in Miami, FL, USA. Mean age 54 years, 67% female, with baseline Ale 7.5%.	78% African American 78% no health insurance results daily and log-in every other day.	HEAT-IT-UP is a web-based suite of applications, collectively designed to be a “relationship management tool” aimed at improving diabetes self-management and clinical outcomes via improvements in working alliance, health-related quality of live, and self-efficacy for diabetes management. Participants were asked to upload blood glucose results daily and log-in every other day.	Upon logging-in, patients receive feedback in the form of educational and motivational messages tailored to their uploaded blood glucose data, and positive feedback or instructions based on uploaded blood glucose results. Content targeted to culture and low literacy. Applications provided support for communication with providers and peers.	N/A	Ale decreased by 0.6% (p = .04).
Welch, 2011 [71]	Two-arm randomized controlled trial 12 months.	46 patients with T2D (n= 25 intervention, n = 21 control) from an urban community health center in Springfield, MA, USA. Mean age 56 years, 65% female, with baseline A1c 8.8%.	100% Latino	The Comprehensive Diabetes Management Program is an Internet-based diabetes care program focusing on clinical management, psychosocial health, and lifestyle modification provided by certified diabetes educators to patients in-person during 7 visits.	None.	Control group received 7 1-h visits over 12 months with bilingual clinic staff using paper diabetes education materials.	A1c reductions in the intervention group were greater than reductions in the control group (− 1.6% ± 1.4% versus − 0.6% ± 1.1%; p = .01). Between-group difference was not significant.
Welch, 2015 [72]	Two-arm randomized controlled trial 6 months.	399 adults with T2D (n= 199 intervention, n = 200 control) from urban community health centers in Western Massachusetts, USA. Mean age 55 years, 60% female, with baseline A1c 9.0%.	100% Latino	The Comprehensive Diabetes Management Program is an Internet-based diabetes dashboard management tool used by clinicians in-person with patients during 5 visits.	Providers tailored sessions on clinical data from medical records and patient-reported behaviors, barriers, and psychosocial challenges. Also tailored to preferred language (Spanish or English), literacy level, desire to include family members, and preference for alternative medicine.	Control group received usual care, which included individual patient visits with education content, access to lifestyle and diabetes self-management support groups run by peer volunteers and clinical staff, with no use requirements.	A1c decreased in the intervention group by 0.8% (p < .001). More intervention participants than the control group participants achieved A1C < 7.0% (15.8% vs. 7.0%, p = .01). Intervention was more effective among patients with baseline A1C > 8.0% (45.2% vs. 25.3% achieved A1C < 7.0%, p < .001).