Table 1.
Characteristics of MS patients and HC.
| MS (n = 37) | HC (n = 18) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Femalea | 29 (78.4%) | 14 (77.7%) | 0.999d |
| Age at baseline (years)b | 33.8 (6.9) | 30.6 (6.6) | 0.107e |
| Disease duration (years)b | 5.5 (4.4) | na | |
| RRMSa | 33 (89.2%) | na | |
| SPMSa | 3 (8.1%) | na | |
| PPMSa | 1 (2.7%) | ||
| Number of relapses in last yearb | 0.73 (0.93) | na | |
| EDSS at baselinec | 2.0 (0–4.5) | na | |
| EDSS at year 2c | 2.5 (0–5.5) | na | |
| EDSS progression baseline—year 2a | 15 (40.5%) | na | |
| Treated with DMTa | 32 (86.5%) | na | |
| Interferon betaa | 13 (35.1%) | na | |
| Glatiramer acetatea | 10 (27.0%) | na | |
| Fingolimoda | 1 (2.7%) | na | |
| Natalizumaba | 8 (21.6%) | na | |
| Beck Depression Indexb | 5.1 (5.6) | na | |
| Depression (BDI ⩾18)a | 2 (5.4%) | na | |
| MMSEc | 30 (28–30) | na | |
| Smokersa | 11 (29.7%) | na | |
| Baseline thresholdc | 7.0 (4.0–10.0) | na | |
| Threshold age-adjusted hyposmiaa | 15 (40.5%) | na | |
| Baseline discriminationc | 13 (11–16) | na | |
| Discrimination age-adjusted hyposmiaa | 4 (10.8%) | na | |
| Baseline identificationc | 13 (9–16) | na | |
| Identification age-adjusted hyposmiaa | 5 (13.5%) | na | |
| 2-year thresholdc | 7.25 (4.25–10.0) | na | |
| Threshold age-adjusted hyposmiaa | 15 (40.5%) | na | |
| 2-year discriminationc | 12 (11–16) | na | |
| Discrimination age-adjusted hyposmiaa | 7 (18.9%) | na | |
| 2-year identificationc | 11 (8–16) | na | |
| Identification age-adjusted hyposmiaa | 9 (24.3%) | na |
BDI: Beck Depression Index; DMT: disease-modifying therapy; EDSS: Expanded Disability Status Scale; HC: healthy controls; MMSE: Mini-Mental Status Examination; MS: multiple sclerosis; Na: not applicable; PMS: progressive multiple sclerosis; RRMS: relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
a
Number (percentage).
b
Mean and standard deviation.
c
Median and range.
d
Calculated by Fisher’s exact test.
e
Calculated by t-test.