Table 3.
Effect of Participation in WIC, SNAP, or Both on HEI Scores and Changes in Scores of Maine Adult EFNEP Participants, Adjusted for Individual Characteristicsa (n = 507 Pre-EFNEP and Post-EFNEP).
| Outcome | Coefficientb on Post-EFNEP (P Value) | Coefficient on WIC (P Value) | Coefficient on SNAP (P Value) | Coefficient on Both WIC and SNAP (P Value) | Coefficient on Post-EFNEP × WIC (P Value) | Coefficient on Post-EFNEP × SNAP (P Value) | Coefficient on Post-EFNEP × Both WIC and SNAP (P Value) | R 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total HEI | 9.03 (<.001) | −0.40 (.86) | 1.64 (.39) | −0.40 (.88) | −2.03 (.47) | −2.09 (.38) | 1.74 (.61) | 0.13 |
| Fruits | 1.06 (.002) | 0.54 (.15) | 0.12 (.68) | −0.38 (.38) | −0.72 (.10) | 0.02 (.96) | 0.62 (.25) | 0.10 |
| Vegetables | 0.68 (.007) | 0.15 (.62) | 0.17 (.51) | −0.07 (.84) | −0.30 (.46) | −0.00 (.99) | 0.28 (.56) | 0.09 |
| Total grains | −0.29 (.14) | −0.15 (.35) | −0.07 (.62) | 0.00 (.99) | 0.13 (.62) | 0.07 (.76) | 0.08 (.80) | 0.03 |
| Protein foods | 0.83 (.02) | 0.11 (.83) | 0.20 (.63) | −0.18 (.75) | −0.53 (.37) | −0.28 (.56) | 0.48 (.51) | 0.04 |
| Dairy | 1.91 (<.001) | 0.56 (.36) | 0.85 (.09) | −0.97 (.18) | −1.08 (.15) | −0.76 (.23) | 1.49 (.10) | 0.15 |
| Saturated fat | 1.23 (.02) | −0.19 (.71) | 0.67 (.16) | 0.11 (.87) | 0.28 (.73) | −1.07 (.11) | −0.50 (.60) | 0.06 |
| Sodium | −0.14 (.76) | 0.21 (.66) | −0.09 (.81) | 0.32 (.57) | −0.30 (.62) | −0.17 (.77) | −0.24 (.74) | 0.04 |
| Whole grains | 0.79 (.01) | −0.26 (.42) | −0.17 (.54) | 0.38 (.33) | 0.14 (.76) | −0.23 (.53) | 0.07 (.89) | 0.10 |
| Oils | 0.22 (.70) | −0.61 (.37) | 0.15 (.79) | 0.11 (.89) | 0.27 (.74) | 0.02 (.98) | −0.43 (.67) | 0.03 |
| SoFAS | 1.21 (.05) | −0.91 (.28) | −0.09 (.89) | 0.49 (.60) | 0.82 (.37) | 0.41 (.60) | −0.89 (.43) | 0.10 |
| Whole fruits | 1.03 (.004) | 0.57 (.89) | −0.20 (.53) | −0.12 (.79) | 0.44 (.40) | 0.11 (.80) | 0.39 (.53) | 0.11 |
| Dark green and orange vegetables and legumes | 0.49 (.08) | 0.10 (.76) | 0.10 (.70) | −0.08 (.83) | −0.28 (.52) | −0.18 (.60) | 0.40 (.43) | 0.06 |
Abbreviations: WIC, Women, Infant, and Children; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; EFNEP, Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program; SoFAS, solid fats and added sugars.
a
Adjusted for age, sex, race, rural/urban residence, county, highest grade achieved, real monthly household income, number of children, public assistance programs utilized, hours spent in EFNEP, and year of participation.
b
Ordinary Least Squares regression.