Figure 1.

Memory paradigm (cf. Fandakova et al. 2018; Muehlroth et al. 2019). (A) During initial study, participants were instructed to remember 440 scene–word pairs (younger adults) or 280 scene–word pairs (older adults). (B) During the cued recall/restudy phase, the scene was presented as a cue to recall the corresponding word. Irrespective of recall accuracy, the original pair was presented again to allow for restudy. The whole cued recall/restudy cycle was performed once in younger adults and twice in older adults. (C) During final recall, scenes again served as cues to recall the corresponding word, but no occasion for restudy was provided. Subsequent memory analysis was done on the last cued restudy of the scene–word pairs before final cued recall (marked by the gray background).